1. DR RANIA GABR

2.  Discuss the congenital anomalies related to the heart development.

3.  Atrial Septal defects:  Prenatally an ASD is of no hemodynamic importance because the foramen ovale is already open normally and directs the blood from the inferior vena cava to the left side of the heart. Only after birth does it have hemodynamic consequences in that a left-right shunt arises due to the different pressures in the two atria. Its incidence amounts to 11%  The ASD leads to a left-right shunt and to an overload for the right ventricle with recirculation through the lungs.  Septum Primum Defect: Defect in the interatrial septum Due to absence of the septum Primum (Patent foramen ovale)

4.  Septum Secondum Defect: Defect in the interatrial septum Due to absence of the septum Secondum (Patent foramen Secondum)

5.  Complete absence of the interatrial septum (Core Triloculare Biventriculare): There is complete absence of both septum primum and septum secondum. i.e. there is a common atrium.

6.  Patent osteum primum:  The foramen primum may fail to close inspite of formation of the foramen secondum.  This will cause disturbance in the valvular mechanism of the interatrial septum.

7.  Patent foramen ovale:  Mentioned before

8.  Persistent atrioventricular canal:  The A-V cushions and the septum intermedium fail to develop.  The A-V canal remains divided into rt and lt parts.  There is usually:  1- Patent foramen primum  2- IV septal defect  3- Abnormalities in the leaflets of the valves guarding the A-V canal.

9.  Ventricular Septal defects: Usually in the membranous part

10. Tetralogy of Fallot: Four co-occurring heart defects: Pulmonary stenosis Ventricular septal defect Right ventricular hypertrophy Overriding aorta (dextroposition)

12.  Eisenmenger's syndrome: Characteristics of Eisenmenger's syndrome summarized as: persistent truncus arteriosus ventricular septal defect left-right ventricular shunt right ventricle hypertrophy

13.  Congenital Aortic valve stenosis:  Occurs due to fusion of the cusps of the aortic valve.  Very narrow aortic orifice will cause Lt ventricular hypertrophy.  Regurge of blood from the aorta to the left ventricle will increase the lt ventr. Hypertrophy.

14.  Congenital Aortic valve atresia:  Under developed lt ventricle  Narrow ascending aorta  Patent ductus arteriosus to carry the blood into the aorta

15.  Pulmonary atresia  The pulmonary artery is underdeveloped, the right ventricle very small.The condition is also sometimes referred to as hypoplastic right heart.

16.  Transposition of the great arteries:  Most common cyanotic neonatal heart defect Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiraling course Fatal without PDA, ASD, & VSD

18.  Ectopia Cordis:  The heart is bulging outside the chest due to wide separation in the 2 parts of the sternum

19.  Dextrocardia:  The heart and great vessels are reversed as in mirror image  It might be a separate condition or part of Situs inversus

20.  Situs inversus

21. “ The End ” Thank you