1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Evolvable Mars Campaign Presentation to Affordable Mars Workshop Pat Troutman December 2015

2. Pioneering Space - Goals “Fifty years after the creation of NASA, our goal is no longer just a destination to reach. Our goal is the capacity for people to work and learn and operate and live safely beyond the Earth for extended periods of time, ultimately in ways that are more sustainable and even indefinite. And in fulfilling this task, we will not only extend humanity’s reach in space -- we will strengthen America’s leadership here on Earth.” - President Obama - April, 2010 2

3. Evolvable Mars Campaign – Study Activity 3 Internal NASA and other Government International Partners Commercial and Industrial Academic Technology developments Science discoveries An ongoing series of architectural trade analyses to define the capabilities and elements needed for a sustainable human presence on Mars Builds off of previous studies and ongoing assessments Provides clear linkage of current investments (SLS, Orion, etc.) to future capability needs Body of Previous Architectures, Design Reference Missions, Emerging Studies and New Discoveries 2010 Authorization Act, National Space Policy, NASA Strategic Plan Evolvable Mars Campaign Establish capacity for people to live and work in space indefinitely Expand human presence into the solar system and to the surface of Mars

4. Element Conceptualization and Design Mission Operations Development Trajectory and Orbit AnalysisProving Ground Ops Landing Site Selection and Layout Destination Operations NASA Decision Processes, Technology Roadmaps & Strategic Investment Plan Habitat SizingLanderMars Ascent Vehicle Design Destination Systems Capability Needs Analysis Campaign Analysis, Timelines and Decision Needs In-space Transportation Systems Capability Gap Analysis and Roadmap Development Pioneering Space Challenges Performance Parameter Definition Strategic Planning STMD ISS ESD AES... Phobos Mars 1 Mars 2 ARRM Mars 2020 Public Industry NAC Int’l Partners Congress EMC Assessment Capability Requires Breadth and Depth 7

5. Strategic Principles for Sustainable Exploration Implementable in the near-term with the buying power of current budgets and in the longer term with budgets commensurate with economic growth; Exploration enables science and science enables exploration, leveraging robotic expertise for human exploration of the solar system Application of high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies for near term missions, while focusing sustained investments on technologies and capabilities to address challenges of future missions; Near-term mission opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling and integrated human and robotic missions providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time; Opportunities for U.S. commercial business to further enhance the experience and business base; Resilient architecture featuring multi-use, evolvable space infrastructure, minimizing unique major developments, with each mission leaving something behind to support subsequent missions; and Substantial new international and commercial partnerships, leveraging the current International Space Station partnership while building new cooperative ventures. 5

6. Strategic Principle Alignment Strategic PrincipleEMC Example Implementation Implementable in the near-term with the buying power of current budgets and in the longer term with budgets commensurate with economic growth. Evolves via coupled capability and destination sets with the ability to productively pause at set points commensurate with available budget. Exploration enables science and science enables exploration, leveraging robotic expertise for human exploration of the solar system. Mars 2020, Asteroid Redirect Mission, Mars Moon Explorer and EDL Pathfinder all reduce risk for human missions while enabling new science. Application of high Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies for near term missions, while focusing sustained investments on technologies and capabilities to address challenges of future missions. Use of ISS, SLS & Orion to enable and access the proving ground. Use of the proving ground to develop the reliability, dormancy tolerance, and system efficiencies required to move beyond the proving ground towards the Mars system. Near-term mission opportunities with a defined cadence of compelling and integrated human and robotic missions providing for an incremental buildup of capabilities for more complex missions over time. Mars mission analogs on ISS followed by yearly Orion missions to cis- lunar space in the 2020s, punctuated with robotic pathfinder missions. Aggregation of Mars mission hardware in the late 2020s leading to crewed Mars system Missions in the 2030s. Opportunities for U.S. commercial business to further enhance the experience and business base. Commercial support of ISS Mars mission analogs, followed by supply/support of initial cis-lunar habitation and refurbishment/resupply of Mars spacecraft. Resilient architecture featuring multi-use, evolvable space infrastructure, minimizing unique major developments, with each mission leaving something behind to support subsequent missions; Initial cis-lunar habitat serves as aggregation node and prototype system for taxis, rovers and ascent vehicles. Monolithic habitat serves as Phobos hab, transit hab (returned and reused) and surface hab. ARM SEP systems evolve into Mars transit systems. Mars surface site is repeatedly visited enabling aggregation of surface assets over multiple missions. Substantial new international and commercial partnerships, leveraging the current International Space Station partnership while building new cooperative ventures. The EMC has not limited any functions to NASA only and begins its Mars campaign at ISS along with its commercial and international partners. Additional docking ports will be available in cis-lunar space to accommodate additional partner objectives in addition to partnering on the Mars mission

7. HAT Cycle 2012-A Draft NASA Internal Use Only – Not for Distribution 7 Continued Leveraging of Commercial & International Partnerships 7 International Space Station: Can humans live & operate independently for ~1000 days in micro-G? Long-duration, Zero-g human factors research platform Highly reliable life support, advanced logistics, low maintenance systems Environmental monitoring Supportability & maintenance concepts EARTH RELIANT: ISS Can humans travel to Mars orbit and safely return to Earth? Deep Space Proving Ground plus: High power SEP ~1000 day deep space habitat(s) Deep space countermeasures Mars vicinity propulsion PHOBOS/DEIMOS/MARS ORBIT MARS SURFACE Can humans break the supply train with Earth to enable long-term presence? Phobos/Deimos plus: Mars entry & landing systems Partial-gravity countermeasures Long duration surface Systems (ISRU, fission power) PROVING GROUND: CIS-LUNAR & DEEP SPACE Bridging from ISS, can human class systems operate in a deep space environment in a crew tended mode for long durations? Distant Retrograde Orbit: Heavy lift launch (SLS), Orion High-power In-Space Propulsion Initial beyond-Earth orbit habitation- Crew support for increasing duration Advanced EVA (Suit, Portable Life Support System) Deep space long duration systems and operations testing Aggregation of Mars Mission Vehicles EARTH INDEPENDENT:

8. Transportation Architecture Comparisons SEP / Chem Chemical (LOX/CH4) propulsive systems for crew Requires Long Duration Zero Boil-off technology development for LOX/CH4 (common with lander propulsion) Requires pre-deploy of assets and rendezvous at Mars for crew return SEP Hybrid SEP + chemical (bi-prop) propulsive systems for crew Requires integration of bi-prop system with SEP Requires re-fueling Reusable propulsion element Greatly reduces performance variations amongst Mars mission opportunities Similarities: Leverage current investments in Orion, SLS, and ARV SEP for cargo Allow for Deep Space Habitat reuse Orion operates only in cis-lunar space Use of LDRO for aggregation Deep Space Habitat Requirements Transit and total mission times for crew are similar 8

9. GRC COMPASS Hybrid Propulsion Stage Concepts 9 Option 1Option 2 PhilosophyUse two 150kW ARRM 1A SEP structure & components Redistribute two 150kW ARRM 1A SEP components into new structure Power435kW (300V) BOL 1AU MegaROSA Array 8kW (120V) body mounted commissioning array Propulsion24 x 13.3 kW SEP Thrusters 10 x 890N Aerojet R-42 Thrusters 32 x Astrium S22-02 RCS Thrusters Xeon: 23.1t Bi-Prop: 18.6t 24 x 13.3 kW SEP Thrusters 10 x 890N Aerojet R-42 Thrusters 32 x Astrium S22-02 RCS Thrusters Xenon: 22.1t Bi-Prop: 17.1t ThermalDeployed Radiator from ARRM SEPDeployed Radiators from ARRM SEP Mechanical AL-Li 7m Thrust Tube, composite fittings, 5.5g launch loads, 0.1g on-orbit thrust load Two 200kW boomed array, ISS SARJ derived gimbal AL-Li 7m Thrust Tube, composite fittings, 5.5g launch loads, 0.1g on-orbit thrust load Two 200kW boomed array, ISS SARJ derived gimbal Vehicle Dry Mass with Growth21.5 t20.4 t Parametric Estimate18.7 t18.3 t Launch VehicleSLS Block 2B ASB, 10 m fairingSLS Block 2B ASB, 8.4 m fairing Red denotes difference between Option 1 and Option 2

10. 10 Outbound and Inbound Crew Rendezvous in LDHEO SEP Thrust to Mars SEP Thrust to Earth Chemical Mars Orbit Insertion Chemical Trans Earth Injection Lunar Gravity Assist departure Lunar Gravity Assist Arrival Fully reusable in-space transportation system for crew or cargo Resupply, refuel, and recertified in cislunar space between crew missions Hybrid Piloted Mars Architecture Evolution path to a semi-cycler and ballistic S1 L1 cycler Refueling and logistics resupply in Cislunar space Deploy spacecraft to Cislunar space High Mars orbit dwell

11. 11 VALIDATE through analysis and flights Advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) systems to move large masses in interplanetary space Advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) systems to move large masses in interplanetary space Lunar Distant Retrograde Orbit as a staging point for large cargo masses en route to Mars Lunar Distant Retrograde Orbit as a staging point for large cargo masses en route to Mars SLS and Orion in deep space SLS and Orion in deep space Long duration, deep space habitation systems Long duration, deep space habitation systems Crew health and performance in a deep space environment Crew health and performance in a deep space environment In-Situ Resource Utilization in micro-g In-Situ Resource Utilization in micro-g Operations with reduced logistics capability Operations with reduced logistics capability Structures and mechanisms Structures and mechanisms CONDUCT CONDUCT EVAs in deep space with sample handling in micro-g EVAs in deep space with sample handling in micro-g Integrated human and robotic mission operations Integrated human and robotic mission operations Capability Pathfinder and Strategic Knowledge Gap missions Capability Pathfinder and Strategic Knowledge Gap missions Enabling Human Missions to Mars PROVING GROUND OBJECTIVES

12. The Moons of Mars as a Human Destination –Rich science –A link to Mars past and its future –Incredible views 12 Unexplored and Intriguing A More Achievable Step An Enabler for Mars Surface Exploration –Common crew transportation system to Mars orbit –Low gravity environment for access and exploration –Less investment than Mars surface required –Alternate mission modes opened up –Low latency tele-operations of Mars surface assets –ISRU potential for sustainable pioneering of Mars

13. Mars Surface Mission: Becoming Earth Independent 13 Initial Human Missions Include Pathfinders for:Initial Human Missions Include Pathfinders for: ISRU (water, other resources extracted from regolith)ISRU (water, other resources extracted from regolith) Building infrastructureBuilding infrastructure Manufacturing systems in- situManufacturing systems in- situ Growing foodGrowing food Human/Social “Engineering”Human/Social “Engineering” Humans return and reuse infrastructure at a single Mars site.Humans return and reuse infrastructure at a single Mars site. Humans Perform Mars ScienceHumans Perform Mars Science

14. Visualization: Future Vision for Mars Field Station 14

15. QUESTIONS? 15