1. What are Bonds? Bonds are certificates of indebtedness Think of a Bond is as an I.O.U. In reality a bond is nothing more than a loan The investor is lending to the bond issuer (the company In return, you receive a stated interest rate The rate is stated on the face of the bond

2. Who are the issuers of Bonds? Just as people need money, so do companies and governments Companies need money to expand Stockholders don’t like it when you issue new stock – it makes their shares worth less Governments need money for everything from infrastructure to social programs

3. What do the investors of bonds receive? Interest. Nobody would loan his or her money for nothing. The issuer of the bond must pay the investor something extra for the privilege of using his or her money.

4. Why would a company choose to issue bonds rather than stock? Bonds add “leverage” – a different kind of risk – Instead of them giving you money for the stock, you are giving them interest for their money – This means that you are being responsible to pay them back Less risky than stock for investors Offer stable income to investors Bond prices are related to interest rates

6. Different Kinds of Bonds Government Bonds – T-bill, T-note, T-bond Agency Bonds – Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Sallie Mae Corporate – Issued by individual companies Municipal – Issued by a county, city or state

7. Registered Bonds

8. How do bonds pay interest? Some bonds are bought at discount, and interest accrues over a period of years. – Savings bonds are a good example – Investors buy the bond at a reduced face value – At maturity, the investor receives one payment – The payment is equal to the principle of the bond plus the interest that has been accumulated during the time the bond has been held by the investor – Also called a “zero coupon bond”

9. Savings Bond

10. “Coupon” Bonds Other bonds pay interest at periodic intervals – Coupon bonds pay out interest payment to the investor every six months – The Principal (face value of the bond) is paid to the investor at a specific maturity date, which can range from a few months to 30 years – Bonds are considered to be “fixed income securities” because the amount the investor receives is set, or fixed, by the coupon rate – The “coupons” used to be attached to the bond certificate, but most bonds are now held electronically and this is no longer the case – So “coupon” = interest rate

11. Bonds Are An Old Idea

12. How a Coupon Works Example: – Buy a bond with a face value of $1000 – Coupon Rate 8% – Maturity 10 years This means you will receive a total of $80 ($1000 * 8%) of interest per year for the next 10 years. Since most bonds pay out semi-annually you will receive two payments of $40 a year for 10 years. When the bond matures after a 10 years you will get your $1000 (Principal) back. What a bondholder gets: $80x10= $800 plus your $1,000 back

13. How do I calculate my return on investment for a bond? It’s not like a stock – We calculate it by the year – 8%, the stated rate, is your return on investment – Even though you are getting $800/$1000 = 80%, you have to wait ten years What about taxes? – Interest is taxed as ordinary income at whatever rate you pay for your other income, like salary

14. How Do I Buy a Bond in the Stock Market Game?