1. The American Nation Chapter 19 The New West, 1865–1914 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. The American Nation Section 1: Indian Peoples of the Great Plains Section 2: Mining and Railroading Section 3: The Cattle Kingdom Section 4: Indian Peoples in Retreat Chapter 19: The New West, 1865–1914 Section 5: Farming Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. Chapter 19, Section 1 Indian Peoples of the Great Plains What was life like for the Plains Indians? Why did the Plains Indians follow herds of buffalo? How did the roles of men and women differ in the Plains Indian society?

4. Chapter 19, Section 1 The Plains Indians Many different Native American nations lived on the Great Plains. Some nations had lived on the Plains for hundreds of years. Others were newcomers. Plains Indians had a variety of cultures. Most cultures had well-organized religions and warrior societies. Each nation had its own language. Most Plains Indians were farmers who lived in semi-permanent villages. They sent out hunting parties. Spaniards had brought horses to the Americas in the late 1400s. When the Plains Indians acquired horses during the 1600s, their way of life changed. They used horses while hunting, moving their villages, or raiding other villages. Some Indians left their semi-permanent villages and lived their lives following buffalo.

5. Chapter 19, Section 1 Following Buffalo Some groups of Indians lived their lives following great herds of buffalo. They lived in tepees, or tents made by stretching buffalo skins on tall poles. They carried their tepees from one place to another on a travois, or sled pulled by a dog or horse. There were different ways to hunt buffalo. In one method, hunters drove a herd of buffalo into a corral, or enclosure. There they killed the trapped buffalo. Plains Indians depended on buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter. They dried buffalo meat and called it jerky. Hides were tanned to make sleeping robes and tepee covers, and buffalo fur was woven into coarse cloth that became the outer covering for a tepee.

6. Chapter 19, Section 1 Roles of Women and Men Women Oversaw life in the home, gathered food, and prepared meals Made the tepees, raised the tepees, and took them down Cared for children and taught them traditions Made such necessary items as baskets and blankets—a woman’s skill in crafts determined her rank in society Men Hunted Protected the women, children, and elders Passed on their skills and knowledge to the boys Supervised the spiritual life of the community Provided military leadership—a man’s ability as a warrior earned respect from other members of his nation Each tribe had its own way of defining men’s and women’s roles.

7. Chapter 19, Section 1 Section 1 Assessment Plains Indians followed buffalo herds because a) the buffalo provided their food, clothing, and shelter. b) the pursuit brought them into contact with other Indian nations. c) horses followed the buffalo herds, so it gave Indians an opportunity to capture horses. d) the buffalo knew where the best crops were. In Plains Indian life, the people most likely to be responsible for making tepees, taking them down, and putting them up as the group moved from place to place were a) men. b) women. c) children. d) elders. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

8. Chapter 19, Section 1 Section 1 Assessment Plains Indians followed buffalo herds because a) the buffalo provided their food, clothing, and shelter. b) the pursuit brought them into contact with other Indian nations. c) horses followed the buffalo herds, so it gave Indians an opportunity to capture horses. d) the buffalo knew where the best crops were. In Plains Indian life, the people most likely to be responsible for making tepees, taking them down, and putting them up as the group moved from place to place were a) men. b) women. c) children. d) elders. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

9. Chapter 19, Section 2 Mining and Railroading How did the boom in gold and silver change the West? What problems arose on the mining frontier? How did railroads help the West develop?

10. Chapter 19, Section 2 A Boom in Gold and Silver 1859Gold was struck in Washoe Valley in the Sierra Nevada. The strike became known as the Comstock Lode, named after Henry Comstock, a miner. A lode is a rich vein of gold or silver. At the Comstock Lode, heavy blue sand clogged the device used for separating out the gold. The blue sand turned out to be loaded with silver. Miners found valuable ore in Montana and Idaho. Others found such ore in Colorado. 1870sGold was struck in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Late 1890s Gold strikes occurred in Alaska.

11. Chapter 19, Section 2 A Boom in Gold and Silver Gold or Silver Strike Miners arrive and build a tent city Merchants arrive to supply miners Wood-frame structures replace tents Boomtown Miners move on Stores close and merchants leave Town is abandoned Ghost Town Gold or silver production falls

12. Chapter 19, Section 2 Problems on the Mining Frontier Mines and towns polluted clear mountain streams. Miners cut down forests. They also forced Native Americans from the land. Foreign miners were often treated unfairly. Mobs sometimes drove them from their claims. Some were heavily taxed or left to work claims abandoned by others. Few miners became rich. Eventually, most western mining was taken over by large companies. Individual miners were replaced by paid laborers who worked for the large companies rather than for themselves. Lawlessness and disorder often accompanied the rapid growth of a mining town. In response, miners sometimes organized groups of vigilantes, or self-appointed law enforcers. A common punishment was lynching. Sometimes, vigilantes took political control of an area. However, informal methods of governing gradually gave way to more formal arrangements.

13. Chapter 19, Section 2 Railroads Help Develop the West First transcontinental railroad A transcontinental railroad is one that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Union Pacific ran westward from Omaha, Nebraska. The Central Pacific ran eastward from Sacramento, California. The two lines met at Promontory, Utah. The federal government aided railroad building by giving subsidies to railroad companies. A subsidy is financial aid or a land grant from the government. Thousands of immigrants, especially workers from China and Ireland, built the transcontinental railroad. Railroads promoted growth Railroads brought people, supplies, and mail into the West. They carried heavy loads of ore eastward. Towns sprang up along the tracks. The largest towns and cities developed where major rail lines met or where sea and land transportation met. Other cities grew where cattle trails met the railroads.

14. Chapter 19, Section 2 Section 2 Assessment Towns grew up in the West wherever what group of people replaced the tent cities of the miners with their wood-frame buildings? a) farmers b) cattle ranchers c) merchants d) railroad workers Congress helped the railroad companies by a) paying thousands of immigrants to work on the railroads. b) loaning the railroad companies money and giving them land. c) building railroad towns where the workers could live. d) planning cities wherever rail lines met. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

15. Chapter 19, Section 2 Section 2 Assessment Towns grew up in the West wherever what group of people replaced the tent cities of the miners with their wood-frame buildings? a) farmers b) cattle ranchers c) merchants d) railroad workers Congress helped the railroad companies by a) paying thousands of immigrants to work on the railroads. b) loaning the railroad companies money and giving them land. c) building railroad towns where the workers could live. d) planning cities wherever rail lines met. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

16. Chapter 19, Section 3 The Cattle Kingdom What was the Cattle Kingdom? What was life like for a cowhand? Why were cow towns important during the cattle boom?

17. Chapter 19, Section 3 The Cattle Kingdom Wild cattle known as longhorns roamed freely across the plains of Texas. After the Civil War, the demand for beef increased. People in the growing cities of the East, miners, railroad crews, farmers, and the growing communities of the West all added to the demand for meat. Texas ranchers began rounding up herds of longhorns. Then, they drove the animals hundreds of miles north to the railroad lines on trips called cattle drives. Cattle drives took place over routes called cattle trails.

18. Chapter 19, Section 3 The Life of a Cowhand American cowhands learned about riding, roping, and branding from Spanish and Mexican vaqueros—skilled riders who herded cattle on ranches in Mexico, California, and the Southwest. The gear used by American cowhands was modeled after the gear used by vaqueros—a leather lariat, a hat like a Spanish sombrero, and leather chaps. Work on a cattle drive was hot, dirty, tiring, and often boring. The day was long—up to 18 hours. Cowhands faced many dangers, including prairie dog holes, rattlesnakes, fierce storms, raging grass fires, and attacks from cattle thieves. One of a cowhand’s worst fears was a stampede. Cowhands usually earned low wages.

19. Chapter 19, Section 3 Cow Towns Cattle drives ended in cow towns such as Abilene, Wichita, Caldwell, and Dodge City, that had sprung up along the railroad lines. Cow towns had great pens in which to keep cattle. dance halls, saloons, hotels, and restaurants. settlers who wanted to build a real community. doctors, barbers, artisans, bankers, and merchants. a general store and churches.

20. Chapter 19, Section 3 Railroads, Cattle Trails, and Mining Centers

21. Chapter 19, Section 3 Section 3 Assessment After the Civil War, the demand for beef increased because a) people began to eat in restaurants more often. b) Mexico began to import American beef. c) people had been eating fish, but after the war, meat became more popular. d) the populations of eastern cities and western communities were growing. American cowhands learned about riding, roping, and branding from a) Hawaiian paniolos. b) Spanish and Mexican vaqueros. c) mounted Confederate troops. d) Plains Indians. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

22. Chapter 19, Section 3 Section 3 Assessment After the Civil War, the demand for beef increased because a) people began to eat in restaurants more often. b) Mexico began to import American beef. c) people had been eating fish, but after the war, meat became more popular. d) the populations of eastern cities and western communities were growing. American cowhands learned about riding, roping, and branding from a) Hawaiian paniolos. b) Spanish and Mexican vaqueros. c) mounted Confederate troops. d) Plains Indians. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

23. Chapter 19, Section 4 Indian Peoples in Retreat What promises did the government make to Indians? Why did buffalo begin to disappear? How was the movement west a major factor in the end of the Indian way of life? Why did reformers fail?

24. Chapter 19, Section 4 Promises to Native Americans Fort Laramie Treaty In 1851, officials met with Indian nations near Fort Laramie, Wyoming, and asked them to stay in a limited area. In return, the U.S. government promised money, animals, tools, and other goods. Officials told the Indians that the lands reserved for them would be theirs forever. In 1858, gold was discovered at Pikes Peak—on land promised to Cheyennes and Arapahos. Miners rushed in and officials forced the Indians to give up the land. Some Indians refused and attacked white settlers. The Chivington Massacre In 1864, Colonel John Chivington led his militia against a Cheyenne village. The Indians raised a white flag of surrender and the United States flag. Chivington ignored the flags and slaughtered men, women, and children. The brutality of the Chivington Massacre outraged people across the country.

25. Chapter 19, Section 4 Promises to Native Americans The peace commission In 1867, the government established a peace commission to end the wars on the Plains. The commission urged Native Americans to settle down and farm as whites did. The commission urged Indian children to attend white schools. ReservationsIn 1867, southern Plains Indians signed a new treaty. They moved to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. Many northern Plains Indians agreed to live on reservations in present-day South Dakota.

26. Chapter 19, Section 4 The End of the Buffalo Huge herds of buffalo lived between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The herds diminished for several reasons. Disease, drought, and destruction of the areas in which they lived caused the herds to shrink. During the 1830s and 1840s, buffalo robes became popular. Professional buffalo hunters killed many buffalo for their skins. Buffalo hunting became a popular sport where railroads cut through the areas in which the animals lived. Indian peoples hunted buffalo much more efficiently.

27. Chapter 19, Section 4 The End of the Indian Way of Life Settlers and miners continued to move into the West. Their way of life brought an end to the Indians’ traditional way of life. Custer’s Last Stand In 1874, gold was discovered on the Lakota reservation in the Black Hills region. Miners rushed in. Led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and other Lakota chiefs, the Indians fought back. In June 1876, to protect the miners, Colonel George Custer led soldiers into the Little Bighorn Valley. Nearly 2,000 Lakota warriors attacked Custer’s troops. Custer and all his men were killed. The United States Army eventually defeated the Lakotas and Cheyennes. The Lakotas gave up most of their claims to the Black Hills.

28. Chapter 19, Section 4 The End of the Indian Way of Life Chief Joseph and the Nez Percés The Nez Percés lived in the Snake River valley where Oregon, Washington, and Idaho meet. In 1855, some Nez Percés signed a treaty giving up some of their lands. Gold strikes brought miners onto Nez Percé land. The government ordered the Nez Percés onto a reservation. Nez Percés who hadn’t signed the treaty refused. Led by Chief Joseph, many fled to Canada. Army troops followed the fleeing Nez Percés. Finally, Chief Joseph decided he must surrender. After a journey of more than 1,000 miles, nearly half of his people had died. Apache Wars In the Southwest, the Apaches resisted giving up their lands. One leader, Geronimo, waged war off and on for 10 years. From Mexico, he led raids into Arizona and New Mexico. His surrender marked the end of the Wars for the West.

29. Chapter 19, Section 4 The End of the Indian Way of Life

30. Chapter 19, Section 4 Reformers Fail to Help Native Americans Reformers Spoke Out Susette La Flesche, daughter of an Omaha chief, wrote and lectured about the destruction of the Native American way of life. Helen Hunt Jackson published A Century of Dishonor, telling the story of broken treaties. The Dawes Act In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act. It encouraged Native Americans to become farmers. Some tribal lands were divided up and given to individual Native American families. The act was unsuccessful. To Native Americans, land was meant to be an open place for riding and hunting. As a result, Indians often sold their share of land for low prices. The federal government took away the power of Indian leaders and appointed government agents to make decisions instead.

31. Chapter 19, Section 4 Section 4 Assessment In the Fort Laramie Treaty, the government promised Native Americans that certain lands would be theirs forever. That promise was broken because a) Native Americans refused to accept the agreement. b) the buffalo herds were shrinking on those lands, and the Indians no longer wanted to live there. c) gold was discovered and the miners and settlers who rushed in demanded protection from the Indians. d) the railroad was built across those lands. One reason the great buffalo herds disappeared was because a) they moved farther north, into Canada. b) after Indians were forced onto reservations, there was no longer any reason for such large herds of buffalo. c) along rail lines, hunters shot buffalo for sport. d) Native American nations competed to see which could kill the most buffalo. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

32. Chapter 19, Section 4 Section 4 Assessment In the Fort Laramie Treaty, the government promised Native Americans that certain lands would be theirs forever. That promise was broken because a) Native Americans refused to accept the agreement. b) the buffalo herds were shrinking on those lands, and the Indians no longer wanted to live there. c) gold was discovered and the miners and settlers who rushed in demanded protection from the Indians. d) the railroad was built across those lands. One reason the great buffalo herds disappeared was because a) they moved farther north, into Canada. b) after Indians were forced onto reservations, there was no longer any reason for such large herds of buffalo. c) along rail lines, hunters shot buffalo for sport. d) Native American nations competed to see which could kill the most buffalo. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

33. Chapter 19, Section 5 Farming Why did farmers and other settlers move west? What was the Oklahoma land rush? Why was life hard for Plains farmers? Why did farmers help form the Populist Party?

34. Chapter 19, Section 5 Farmers Move West In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act. The law promised 160 acres of free land to anyone who paid a small fee and farmed the land for five years. Immigrants and easterners These people rushed to accept the offer of free land. They planted wheat and corn. By 1900, half a million Americans had set up farms under the Homestead Act. ExodustersAfrican Americans joined the rush for homestead land. In 1879, a group of African Americans moved to Kansas. They called themselves Exodusters. Between 40,000 and 70,000 African Americans had moved to Kansas by 1881. Los MexicanosThe Southwest already had a large Spanish-speaking population, many the descendants of people who were there before the Mexican War. Spanish-speaking southwesterners called themselves Mexicanos. White Americans were known as Anglos. As Anglos gained the best jobs and land, some Mexicanos formed organizations such as the Hispanic-American Alliance (1894) to protect their rights.

35. Chapter 19, Section 5 The Oklahoma Land Rush As free land elsewhere began to disappear, the federal government forced some Indian nations in Oklahoma to sell their land so it could be homesteaded. The government announced that farmers could claim free homesteads in Oklahoma, but they could not stake their claims until exactly noon on April 22, 1889. On the appointed day, as many as 100,000 people lined up at the Oklahoma border. At noon, a gunshot rang out. People charged into Oklahoma. However, some people had sneaked in sooner and staked out the best land.

36. Chapter 19, Section 5 Lives of Plains Farmers Wood Was Scarce People were forced to build houses of sod—soil held together by grass roots. These sod houses leaked when it rained. SodbustingThe soil was covered with a layer of thick sod that could crack wood or iron plows. In 1877, a new steel plow allowed sodbusters, or Plains farmers, to cut through the sod. Plains climateWhen too little rain fell, crops died. In summer, grass fires traveled swiftly across the plains, and swarms of grasshoppers ate everything in their path. In winter, deep snows buried farm animals and trapped families inside their homes. Women on the Plains Women made clothing, soap, candles, and other goods by hand. They preserved food. Most schoolteachers were women. Because pioneer families usually lived miles apart, they looked forward to church services and social events. An unexpected problem Before long, farmers began to sell huge amounts of wheat and corn. The more they sold, the more prices plunged. When wheat prices fell, farmers could not repay their debts.

37. Chapter 19, Section 5 Farmers Begin to Work Together The Grange In 1867, farmers formed the National Grange. Grangers worked to boost farm profits and reduce the rates they paid railroads for shipping their grain. Grangers set up cooperatives, where groups of farmers pooled their money to buy seeds and tools wholesale. Wholesale means buying or selling something in large quantities at lower prices. Grange leaders urged farmers to vote only for candidates who supported their aims. Farmers’ Alliance The Farmers’ Alliance organized in the 1870s. They also set up cooperatives and warehouses. The Farmers’ Alliance spread from Texas through the South and into the Plains states. Alliance leaders tried to join with factory workers and miners who were angry about how they were treated.

38. Chapter 19, Section 5 The Populists Populist goals Populists demanded that the government help raise farm prices and regulate railroad rates. They called for an income tax, an eight-hour workday, and limits on immigration. They demanded “free silver,” which meant that they wanted all the silver that was mined to be turned into money. They said free silver would increase the money supply, which would make it easier for farmers to repay debts. Eastern bankers and factory owners argued that increasing the money supply would cause inflation, or increased prices. In 1892, farmers and labor unions joined together to form the Populist party.

39. Chapter 19, Section 5 The Populists Populist and the Election of 1896 Populists influence grew. In 1892, the Populist candidate for President won a million votes. In 1894, the Populists elected six senators and seven representatives. In 1896, the Populists nominated William Jennings Bryan for President. He believed that the nation needed to increase the supply of money. Democrats and Populists supported Bryan. Bankers and business people supported the Republican candidate, William McKinley. The end of the Populists party Bryan narrowly lost the election. The Populist party broke up soon after. One reason was that the Democrats adopted several Populists causes. Also, good times returned, and people worried less about railroad rates and free silver.

40. Chapter 19, Section 5 Section 5 Assessment Because there was so little wood on the Plains, many farmers built their homes out of a) brick. b) adobe. c) cement. d) sod. Farmers formed the National Grange, which helped them by setting up a) cooperatives where the farmers pooled their money to buy large quantities of seeds and tools at low prices. b) banks that farmers could count on to loan them money when crops failed. c) a political party that would nominate candidates who understood farm problems. d) a bigger money supply so farmers could pay their debts. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.

41. Chapter 19, Section 5 Section 5 Assessment Because there was so little wood on the Plains, many farmers built their homes out of a) brick. b) adobe. c) cement. d) sod. Farmers formed the National Grange, which helped them by setting up a) cooperatives where the farmers pooled their money to buy large quantities of seeds and tools at low prices. b) banks that farmers could count on to loan them money when crops failed. c) a political party that would nominate candidates who understood farm problems. d) a bigger money supply so farmers could pay their debts. Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.Click here.