1. DC Analysis Representation of diode into three models Ideal case – model 1 with V  = 0 Piecewise linear model 2 with V  has a given value Piecewise linear model 3 with V  and forward resistance, r f Recall-Lecture 4

2. Diode AC equivalent model –During analysis, must perform DC analysis first to calculate I D in order to obtain r d

3. DC ANALYSIS DIODE = MODEL 1,2 OR 3 CALCULATE DC CURRENT, I D CALCULATE r d AC ANALYSIS DIODE = RESISTOR, r d CALCULATE AC CURRENT, i d

4. © Electronics ECE 1231 BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE The breakdown voltage is a function of the doping concentrations in the n- and p-region of the pn junction. Large doping concentrations result in smaller break-down voltage. Reverse biased voltage – E T  The electric field may become large enough for the covalent bond to break, causing electron-hole pairs to be created. So, electrons from p-type are swept to n-region by the electric field and holes from the n-type are swept to the p-region The movement will create reverse biased current known as the Zener Effect.

5. © Electronics ECE 1231 Zener Effect and Zener Diode  The applied reverse biased voltage cannot increase without limit since at some point breakdown occurs causing current to increase rapidly.  The voltage at that point is known as the breakdown voltage, V Z  Diodes are fabricated with a specifically design breakdown voltage and are designed to operate in the breakdown region are called Zener diodes. Circuit symbol of the Zener diode:  Such a diode can be used as a constant-voltage reference in a circuit.  The large current that may exist at breakdown can cause heating effects and catastrophic failure of the diode due to the large power dissipated in the device.  Diodes can be operated in the breakdown region by limiting the current to a value within the capacities of the device. NOTE: When a Zener diode is reverse- biased, it acts at the breakdown region, when it is forward biased, it acts like a normal PN junction diode

6. © Electronics ECE 1231 Avalanche Effect While these carriers crossing the space-charge region, they also gain enough kinetic energy. Hence, during collision with other atoms, covalent bond is broken and more electron-holes pairs are created, and they contribute to the collision process as well. Refer to figure below e h e atom e h Electron with high kinetic energy e hatom

7. © Electronics ECE 1231 Other Types of Diodes Photodiode Solar Cell The term ‘photo’ means light. Hence, a photodiode converts optical energy into electrical energy. The photon energy breaks covalent bond inside the crystal and generate electron and hole pairs Solar cell converts visible light into electrical energy. The working principle is the same as photodiode but it is more towards PROVIDING the power supply for external uses

8. © Electronics ECE 1231 Schottky Barrier Diode Light Emitting Diode An LED is opposite of photodiode this time, it converts electrical energy into light energy – Normally GaAs is used as the material for LED. During diffusion of carriers – some of them recombines and the recombination emits light waves. A Schottky Barrier diode is a metal semiconductor junction diode. The metal side is the anode while the n- type is the cathode. But the turn on voltage for Schottky is normally smaller than normal pn junction diode

9. © Electronics ECE 1231 Zener Diode

10. Chapter 3 Diode Circuits

11. Voltage Regulator

12. A voltage regulator supplies constant voltage to a load. Voltage Regulator - Zener Diode

13.  The breakdown voltage of a Zener diode is nearly constant over a wide range of reverse-bias currents.  This make the Zener diode useful in a voltage regulator, or a constant- voltage reference circuit. 1. The zener diode holds the voltage constant regardless of the current 2. The load resistor sees a constant voltage regardless of the current 3. The remainder of V PS drops across R i

14. A Zener diode is connected in a voltage regulator circuit. It is given that V PS = 20V, the Zener voltage, V Z = 10V, R i = 222  and P Z(max) = 400 mW. a.Determine the values of I L, I Z and I I if R L = 380 . b.Determine the value of R L that will establish P Z(max) = 400 mW in the diode. Example

15. For proper function the circuit must satisfied the following conditions. 1.The power dissipation in the Zener diode is less than the rated value 2.When the power supply is a minimum, V PS (min), there must be minimum current in the zener diode I Z (min), hence the load current is a maximum, I L (max), 3.When the power supply is a maximum, V PS (max), the current in the diode is a maximum, I Z (max), hence the load current is a minimum, I L (min) AND Or, we can write

16. For general thumb of rule for design this circuit is, so from the last Equation Maximum power dispassion in the Zener diode is EXAMPLE 1 (Example 3.3 from textbook) Consider voltage regulator is used to power the cell phone at 2.5 V from the lithium ion battery, which voltage may vary between 3 and 3.6 V. The current in the phone will vary 0 (off) to 100 mA(when talking). Calculate the value of R i and the Zener diode power dissipation simple Zener diode voltage regulator circuit

17. Solution: The stabilized voltage V L = 2.5 V, so the Zener diode voltage must be V Z = 2.5 V. The maximum Zener diode current is The maximum power dispassion in the Zener diode is The value of the current limiting resistance is

18. Example 2 Range of V PS : 10V– 14V R L = 20 – 100  V Z = 5.6V Find value of R i and calculate the maximum power rating of the diode