1. Threading in COM What is an Apartment and Why Do I Care?

2. What is an Apartment An execution context Contains at least one thread Contains at least one COM object (to be useful) Can contain other restrictions (COM+ contexts) Types of Apartments Multi-Threaded Apartment (MTA) Single-Thread Apartment (STA) MAIN STA Thread Neutral Apartment (TNA)

3. How does code call methods Thread is executing some other code COM object offers some useful method Thread calls that method Sets up a stack frame Changes IP to the beginning of the method Very simple; very efficient The thread and the object must be in the same apartment.

4. Threads create apartments Any thread that wants to use COM must call CoInitialize or CoInitializeEx The COINIT parameter to CoInitializeEx determines the apartment type COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED = STA COINIT_MULTITHREADED = MTA (will join existing) CoInitialize legacy method calls Ex version with COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED

5. Apartment model of a process

6. Process at startup

7. COM process with apartments

8. Adding COM objects COM threads create COM objects CoCreateInstance or CoCreateInstanceEx myObject->get_Application() Cardinal rule is, “Create the object in the same apartment as the creator thread.” Apartments are an example of a COM interceptor Checks to see if the object is compatible Creates new threads/apartments as needed

9. After first CoInitialize call

10. Sometime later… We have created new threads that called CoInitializeEx(0, COINIT_MULTITHREADED); Some of these COM threads have created COM objects For now, we assume the cardinal rule Next we will look at apartment interception Now our process looks something like this…

11. Multiple apartment process

12. Why all the bother? COM servers and client may be written by completely different groups When a COM client (written by Company A) calls a COM object (written by Company B)… Is this COM object compatible with this client? More specifically, is the threading model of the object compatible with the execution environment (apartment) of the thread? Bottom line, is the COM object thread-safe?

13. Two threads calling…

14. Incompatible thread & object What if the creating thread is in the MTA but the COM object is not thread-safe Where do we put the new object? Can’t put it in the MTA – other threads may call Can’t put it in an STA – the creating thread can’t call Enter marshalling

15. Types of marshalling Remote machine Call a method of an object on another computer Uses underlying networking – RPC by default Out of process Call a method of an object that lives in another process on the same machine Uses IPC – LRPC by default Cross-apartment within a process Our problem here Uses Windows message queues by default

16. Cross-apartment COM calls

17. Apartment interception Threading models None (Single) – legacy (Main STA) Apartment – Always create in an STA Free – Always create in the MTA Both – Always create in the apartment of the creator thread Neutral – More on this one later Applies only to DLL, in-process COM server Only problem when the thread calling the method and the thread executing the method can be the same thread.

18. COM threading models

19. Free-Threaded Marshaler FTM is an aggregated, special IMarshal interface If a COM objects exposes the FTM, it can be called directly by any thread in the same process. Aggregate the FTM by calling CoCreateFreeThreadedMarshaler When the interface is marshaled into the calling apartment, a bogus proxy is created that is a direct pointer to the real interface.

20. Thread Neutral Apartment TNA is a “special” STA Max one per process; No thread “lives” in the TNA Only one thread at a time can be “in” the apartment. Objects in the apartment are intrinsically thread- safe. A thread “enters” the apartment, makes its calls on the objects there, and then leaves. Other threads must wait until the apartment is empty.

21. Process with TNA

22. Threading in.EXE servers No automatic apartment interception Object will be created in the apartment of its creator thread Threads still declare their apartments when calling CoInitializeEx It is your responsibility that an MTA thread does not create a non-thread-safe object It is your responsibility that the objects are created in the most efficient apartment

23. Additional Resources Essential COM, Don Box Chapter 5 covers In-Proc COM servers Chapter 6 covers Standalone COM servers Professional ATL COM Programming, Dr. Richard Grimes Chapter 7 covers both types of servers Note the discussion on “Single” vs “Apartment” MSDN – Search for STA, MTA, TNA, FTM Good articles from Don Box’s “House of COM”

24. Questions