1. Gabriel Spitz 1

2. Light Switch Issues  Consistency – The switch design is inconsistent with common light switches  Visibility – No visible cue regarding on/off operation  Affordance – The switch design does not suggest how should it be operated Gabriel Spitz 2

3. User Characteristics & Design Principles Gabriel Spitz 3 Lecture # 4

4. Objective of this lecture  Describe a set of important UI design principles  Place these principles within the context of human characteristics and show how they contribute to usability Gabriel Spitz 4

5. What is a usable Product  A product that meet the 5 S of usable product  Easy to learn – no need for special instructions or lots of manuals  Efficient – minimal number of steps to complete a task  Effective – ability to complete tasks with no errors  Engaging – fun to use  Error tolerant – easy to recover from errors Gabriel Spitz 5

6. Achieving Usability  A key approach to achieving good usability is to continuously iterate our design with users  But iterations consume resources  To minimize the number of iterations we capitalize on our collective past experience to create as usable design as we can already on our first design cycle  Usability principles are our collective past experience and can help us maximize usability early in the design Gabriel Spitz 6

7. Usability and Product Success Gabriel Spitz 7 MS BOB Renault 4 circa 1970 Users rejected anthropomorphisms Negative transfer of training resulting in many errors Ignoring usability can impact the bottom line and safety

8. What is a UI Design Principle  Knowledge gained from past design experience and usability studies about how to impact the usability indicators  It ’ s a guide post pointing the way to a usable design  It is not by itself an end or a rule  One should try and follow it when it makes sense, and deviate from it when needed Gabriel Spitz 8

9. UI Design Principles  Know your user  Let the user control the interaction  Capitalize on what the user already knows  Maintain consistency at the interface  Provide effective feedback  Expose the interaction to the user  Minimize reliance on user memory  Minimize the impact of user error  Aesthetic matters  Always test your interface with users Gabriel Spitz 9

10. 1) Know Your User  S/he is not you  Effective user interface is one that is compatible with and focuses on users and their tasks. It considers:  General human characteristics  Characteristics of our application’s users  Domain specific vocabulary  Computer literacy  General education  Task specific characteristics of your users  Touch typists  Frequency of task performance Gabriel Spitz 10

11. Self Check-In Kiosk Gabriel Spitz 11 Designed for the general traveling population – What can you assume about the users of this system?

12. 2) Let the User Control the Interaction  People want to control their environment  Software applications should be designed to support the users, their task, and their interaction style  Constraining users ’ action is fine  Controlling users ’ action should be avoided  Controllability can impact user satisfaction Gabriel Spitz 12

13. Ways to Increase User Control  Don’t force users to perform a task in a predetermined way  Allow Select & than create an account or vice versa  Always allow users to change their mind cancel out  Allow users to save partial work such as forms Gabriel Spitz 13

14. 3) Capitalize on what Users Know  Using metaphors or familiar idioms (cut & paste) at the interface will enable users to instantly understand the details of the application  Reusing knowledge will significantly reduce the amount of learning needed to achieve proficiency Gabriel Spitz 14

15. Using Metaphor– CD Control Gabriel Spitz 15

16. Using Metaphor - PIM Gabriel Spitz 16

17. 4) Maintain Consistency  Consistency enables users to anticipate events and reuse learned behaviors -Positive Transfer  It is achieved by reusing UI design patterns within and between applications  Complying with standards or guidelines for example  Reuse of knowledge reduces learning and enhances performance Gabriel Spitz 17

18. Consistent Menu and Tool Bars Gabriel Spitz 18

19. Consistency is not Always Good Gabriel Spitz 19 Usability is maximized by reusing usable elements – Duplicating bad design will result in a consistently bad design This is a poor design for water temperature control and rinsing soapy hands

20. When Inconsistency is Good  Inconsistent pattern or design can be used to attract user attention and prevent an automated response e.g., The delete dialog box Gabriel Spitz 20

21. 5) Provide Effective Feedback  Feedback closes the action loop and “ enables ” the user to continue with his/her task or sequence of actions  Effective feedback is feedback that is provided to users:  Immediately following their action  At an appropriate level  E.g., Action, Context, System state level  At an appropriate place  E.g., at the locus of attention  Feedback improves performance and learning Gabriel Spitz 21

22. Effective Feedback Gabriel Spitz 22

23. 6) “Expose” the Interaction to the User  Let the user see clearly the functions that are available at the interface  Exposing the interaction facilitates learning and performance  Recall the action Model by D. Norman Gabriel Spitz 23

24. Poor Visibility Gabriel Spitz 24

25. 7) Minimize Reliance on Memory  Ability of users to recall commands, object names, sequence of actions, etc. is limited  Make the interface visual with limited reliance on recall  Allow selection rather than relying on users to remember a command or object name  Exceeding memory limits hinders performance-errors and speed Gabriel Spitz 25

26. Supporting Memory Limitation Gabriel Spitz 26 One way of supporting memory limitation is to use name recognition

27. Supporting Memory Limitation Gabriel Spitz 27 A better way of supporting memory limitation is to capitalize on both name recognition and visual recognition

28. Supporting Memory Limitation Gabriel Spitz 28 Another way of supporting memory limitation with both name recognition and visual recognition

29. 8) Minimize the Impact of Error  Cost of errors impacts user performance  We are all afraid to err or loose our work  When possible enable users to reverse their actions  Undo  Confirm delete  Else, limit the cost of error  Auto Save  But don ’ t over protect the user  Easy recovery from errors enhances user satisfaction and performance Gabriel Spitz 29

30. 9) Aesthetics Matter  Consider function first, form later  But don ’ t ignore form  Form or presentation often sets the moods of the user which in turns impacts users ’ experience  Form or presentation facilitates:  Visual scanning of a dialog box, window, page  Location or detection of objects  Aesthetics enhances user satisfaction and performance Gabriel Spitz 30

31. Poor Aesthetics Gabriel Spitz 31 Poor alignment Inconsistent use of colors Also poor task flow

32. Use of color to convey information in the interface should be accompanied with clear secondary cues If red vs. green is the only way to tell which section is within bounds, about 6% of all users will have trouble telling the difference (9% Male, 2% Female) Everyone is colorblind in low light Gabriel Spitz 32 Use Colors carefully

33. 10) Always Test Your Interface  We don ’ t have strong models of the human operator/user  We can not predict (but can anticipate) how certain design attributes will effect performance or satisfaction  We use testing to assess and refine our designs Gabriel Spitz 33

34. Main Points  Effective interaction design is built on understanding how human act and the factors that impact human activity within a given context  Many of these factors have been captured by UI design principles  Adhering to these design principles will significantly enhance the usability of an interface Gabriel Spitz 34