4. Not a response to reward itself, but to information about reward More than predicted in ‘previous state’ = increased activity; positive prediction error Less than predicted in ‘previous state’ = reduced activity; negative prediction error

6. Invasive techniques Electrode in the brain: while undergoing neurosurgery

7. Some applications

8. Diagnosis

9. Brain-Machine Interface

10. [ TH : Tyrosine Hydroxylase ] Neural grafting, with stem cells

11. Deep-brain stimulation

12. Self-stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (in the basal ganglia): Patients with Parkinson’s disease can move their arms and legs again

13. Cutting-edge science: microscopic level of analysis, using optogenetics

14. Use genetic markers to identify specific neurons in the living brain; Study their relation to behavior

17. Conclusion: Lots of interesting work left... You should consider doing it...