2. Chapter 11The Cell Cycle A PPT by Mrs. Morton at Buffalo Acadamy of the Sacred Heart and Andrea Wise of Providence HS

3. Bacterial Cells Binary Fission Circular DNA replicates Cell divides

4. The Cell Cycle Interphase (90% of cycle) G1 phase growth S phase synthesis of DNA G2 phase preparation for cell division Mitotic phase Mitosis nuclear division Cytokinesis cytoplasm division

5. Cell Division: Key Roles Genome: cell’s genetic information Somatic (body cells) cells Gametes (reproductive cells): sperm and egg cells Chromosomes: DNA molecules Diploid (2n): 2 sets of chromosomes Haploid (1n): 1 set of chromosomes Chromatin: DNA-protein complex Chromatids: replicated strands of a chromosome Centromere: narrowing “waist” of sister chromatids Mitosis: nuclear division Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division Meiosis: gamete nuclear division

6. Chromosomes Contain genetic information. Made of DNA. Numbers of chromosomes per cell Humans--46 Total (23 from each parent) Fruit fly- 8 total Chicken--78 The # of chromosomes is not correlated with the complexity of the organism Chromosomes

7. MITOSIS DEFINITION Division of the Cell’s Nucleus n PURPOSE To ensure that each daughter cell gets an exact copy of the chromosomes Mitosis

8. Why cells must divide... List 3 reasons why cells must divide. 1 Growth of organism While each cell remains tiny 2 Repair 3 Reproduce (Mitosis-Asexual, Meiosis Sexual) Why Cells Must Divide

9. Mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

10. Prophase Chromosomes visible Nucleoli disappear Sister chromatids Mitotic spindle forms Centrioles move to opposite poles

11. Metaphase Centrioles are at opposite poles Centromeres are aligned Kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to microtubules (spindle)

12. Anaphase Paired centromeres separate; sister chromatids liberated Chromosomes move to opposite poles Each pole now has a complete set of chromosomes

13. Telophase Daughter nuclei form Nuclear envelopes arise Chromatin becomes less coiled Two new nuclei complete mitosis

16. Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division Animals: cleavage furrow Plants: cell plate

17. Cell Cycle regulation Cell cycle control system Checkpoint Cyclin- cell division protein Levels of cyclins ebb and flow depending on where in cycle

18. Cell Cycle regulation Growth factors Mitosis promoting factor (MPF)- a cyclin Grows blood vessels to new tissues Density-dependent inhibition Anchorage dependence

19. Cyclins Regulate Cell Cycle MPF -Mitosis Promoting Factor Contains the enzyme CDK- Cyclin- Dependent Kinase Kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to protein (energizes a molecule).

20. Growth Factors G1 Checkpoint: External Growth Factors Platelet Derived GF (PDGF)- stimulates cell division near a wound G 2 Checkpoint Checks the DNA for damage M -spindle checkpoint Checks the spindle is correctly anchored to kineticore

21. Cancer Transformation of DNA Tumor: benign or malignant Metastasis

22. Cancer: breast cancer cell & mammogram

23. What phase is this?

25. Count cells in the area of Cell division

28. C C Ee KARYTYPE CROSSING OVER- RECOMBINATION FREQUENCY

29. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Yellow body color White eye color Vermilion eye color Miniature wing Rudimentary wing y y w w v v m m r r Five characters on X chromosome 0.01.31.34.58 Wild type Fig. 13.32(TE Art)

30. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Duchenne muscular dystrophy Becker muscular dystrophy Ichthyosis, X-linked Placental steroid sulfatase deficiency Kallmann syndrome Chondrodysplasia punctata, X-linked recessive Hypophosphatemia Aicardi syndrome Hypomagnesemia, X-linked Ocular albinism Retinoschisis Adrenal hypoplasia Glycerol kinase deficiency Incontinentia pigmenti Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Menkes syndrome Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy Choroideremia Cleft palate, X-linked Spastic paraplegia, X-linked, uncomplicated Deafness with stapes fixation PRPS-related gout Lowe syndrome Lesch-Nyhan syndrome HPRT-related gout Hunter syndrome Hemophilia B Hemophilia A G6PD deficiency: favism Drug-sensitive anemia Chronic hemolytic anemia Manic-depressive illness, X-linked Colorblindness, (several forms) Dyskeratosis congenita TKCR syndrome Adrenoleukodystrophy Adrenomyeloneuropathy Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy Diabetes insipidus, renal Myotubular myopathy, X-linked Androgen insensitivity Chronic granulomatous disease Retinitis pigmentosa-3 Norrie disease Retinitis pigmentosa-2 Sideroblastic anemia Aarskog-Scott syndrome PGK deficiency hemolytic anemia Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia Agammaglobulinemia Kennedy disease Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease Alport syndrome Fabry disease Albinism-deafness syndrome Fragile-X syndrome Immunodeficiency, X-linked, with hyper IgM Lymphoproliferative syndrome Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency Fig. 13.33(TE Art)