1. PSY 219 – Academic Writing in Psychology 2015-2016 Fall Çağ University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Department of Psychology Inst. Nilay Avcı Week 6-7

2. Paraphrasing.

3. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 3 What’s the difference? Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing Quotations reproduce a passage word for word. Paraphrases rephrase a passage in one’s own words but retain all, or almost all, of the original ideas, structure, etc. Summaries also rephrase a passage in one’s own words but retain only the main ideas of the original.

4. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 4 Should I paraphrase or quote?

5. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 5. In general, use direct quotations only if you have a good reason. Most of your paper should be in your own words. Also, it's often conventional to quote more extensively from sources when you're writing a humanities paper, and to summarize from sources when you're writing in the social or natural sciences-- but there are always exceptions.

6. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 6. In a literary analysis paper, for example, you'll want to quote from the literary text rather than summarize, because part of your task in this kind of paper is to analyze the specific words and phrases an author uses.

7. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 7. In research papers, you should quote from a source to show that an authority supports your point to present a position or argument to critique or comment on to include especially moving or historically significant language to present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized

8. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 8. You should summarize or paraphrase when what you want from the source is the idea expressed, and not the specific language used to express it you can express in fewer words what the key point of a source is

9. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 9 A paraphrase is… a restatement in your own words of someone else's ideas. to include the ideas or information from an original source in your paper by rephrasing those ideas or information in your own words. changing a text so that it is quite different from the source, while retaining the meaning.

10. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 10 A paraphrase is… your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

11. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 11 Paraphrasing Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. You must change both the words and the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. Also, you should keep in mind that paraphrased passages still require citation because the ideas came from another source, even though you are putting them in your own words.

12. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 12 Paraphrasing The key to successful paraphrasing is to use as few words as possible from the original text--be mindful not to change the meaning that you are trying to convey as you rephrase--and to cite your paraphrase. Without proper citation, your paraphrase could be construed as plagiarism.

13. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 13 Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because... it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. it helps you control the temptation to quote too much. the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

14. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 14 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.

15. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 15 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

16. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 16 Situations in which paraphrases must be credited to the original source include: The paraphrase retains all or most of the original author’s ideas or uses an idea from the original author that is not common knowledge. The paraphrase retains the sequence of the original author’s ideas or arrangement of the material or it modifies the sequence of the ideas but retains central ideas and key phrases from the original. The purpose of discussing the author’s ideas is to use them as an example of a particular point of view.

17. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 17 An idea is common knowledge if: The same idea can be found in the same form in several different sources (and all these sources aren’t getting the idea from one common, published source). It is information that your readers most likely already possess (whether the information is accurate or a popular misconception). It is factual information that is in the public domain, for example, widely known dates of historical events, facts that are cited in standard reference works, etc.

18. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 18 How to parapharase a source?

19. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 19 General advice When reading a passage, try first to understand it as a whole, rather than pausing to write down specific ideas or phrases. Be selective. Unless your assignment is to do a formal or "literal" paraphrase, you usually don’t need to paraphrase an entire passage; instead, choose and summarize the material that helps you make a point in your paper.

20. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 20 General advice Think of what "your own words" would be if you were telling someone who's unfamiliar with your subject (your mother, your brother, a friend) what the original source said. Remember that you can use direct quotations of phrases from the original within your paraphrase, and that you don't need to change or put quotation marks around shared language.

21. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 21 Methods of Paraphrasing

22. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 22. Look away from the source then write. Read the text you want to paraphrase several times until you feel that you understand it and can use your own words to restate it to someone else. Then, look away from the original and rewrite the text in your own words.

23. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 23 Methods of Paraphrasing Take notes. Take abbreviated notes; set the notes aside; then paraphrase from the notes a day or so later, or when you draft. If you find that you can't do A or B, this may mean that you don't understand the passage completely or that you need to use a more structured process until you have more experience in paraphrasing.

24. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 24. 1. Although paraphrasing techniques are used in summary writing, paraphrasing does not aim to shorten the length of a text, merely to restate it. For example: Evidence of a lost civilisation has been found off the coast of China could be paraphrased: Remains of an ancient society have been discovered in the sea near China

25. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 25 2. A good paraphrase is significantly different from the wording of the original, without altering the meaning at all. Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself..

26. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 26 Try to paraphrase the passage!

27. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 27 Which is the better paraphrase? a) The sudden ending of Egyptian civilisation over 4,000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food. b) Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.

28. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 28. (b) is the better paraphrase (in (a) changes in the weather and the region to the south are not as precise as a long dry period and the mountains at the river’s source)

29. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 29. 3. Techniques a) Changing vocabulary: studies > research society > civilisation mud > deposits _ Not all words and phrases can be paraphrased. ! For example, economics, socialism or global warming have no effective synonyms.

30. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 30. b) Changing word class: Egypt (n.) > Egyptian (adj.) mountainous regions (adj. + n.) > in the mountains (n.) c) Changing word order: Ancient Egypt collapsed > the collapse of Egyptian society began

31. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 31. 4. Find synonyms for the words in italics. a) The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism.

32. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 32 1 The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. Example: The rise of the automobile industry matches the progress of contemporary capitalism.

33. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 33. Find synonyms for the words in italics. b) It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States.

34. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 34. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. Example: It started in France and Germany, but accelerated in the United States.

35. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 35. Find synonyms for the words in italics. c) There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production.

36. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 36. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. Example: There Henry Ford modified the moving assembly line from the Chicago meat industry to car manufacturing, thereby inventing mass production.

37. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 37. 5. Change the word class of the words in italics, and then rewrite the sentences. a) In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. Example: In the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors dominated the world’s car companies.

38. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 38. b) After the Second World War the industry developed ‘planned obsolescence’, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Example: After the Second World War the development of ‘planned obsolescence’ by the industry encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to by increasing the frequency of model changes.

39. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 39. c) Later, from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticise the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming. Example: Later, from the 1970s, environmental criticism of the industry focused on the production of inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming.

40. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 40 1 6. Change the word order of the following sentences. a) At this time, trades unions became increasingly militant in defence of their members’ jobs. Example: At this time increasingly militant trades unions defended their members’ jobs.

41. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 41. b) Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world. Example: Some of the strongest brands in the world are today owned by the industry.

42. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 42. c) However, many major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and falling profits. Example: Many major car companies, however, struggle with falling profits and stagnant markets.

43. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 43 7. Combine all these techniques to paraphrase the paragraph as fully as possible.

44. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 44. FOUR WHEELS GOOD The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production. In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the industry developed ‘planned obsolescence’, whereby frequent model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later, from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticise the industry for producing inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming. At this time, trades unions became increasingly militant in defence of their members’ jobs. Today the industry owns some of the strongest brands in the world. However, many major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and falling profits.

45. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 45 For example:

46. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 46. The expansion of contemporary capitalism matches the rise of the automobile industry. After starting in Germany and France, it accelerated in the United States. There the moving assembly line was modified by Henry Ford from the Chicago meat industry to manufacturing cars: the invention of mass production. General Motors dominated the world’s car companies in the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan. The development of ‘planned obsolescence’ by the industry began after the Second World War, by which the frequency of model changes encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than necessary. Environmental criticism of the industry from the 1970s focused on the contribution to global warming made by the production of inefficient models which used too much petrol. At this time increasingly militant trades unions defended their members’ jobs. Although some of the world’s strongest brands are today owned by the industry, many major motor companies struggle with declining profits and static markets.

47. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 47 8. Use the same techniques to paraphrase the following text.

48. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 48. Before the last century no humans had visited Antarctica, and even today the vast continent has a winter population of fewer than 200 people. However, a recent report from a New Zealand government agency outlines the scale of the pollution problem in the ice and snow. Although untouched compared with other regions in the world, the bitter cold of Antarctica means that the normal process of decay is prevented. As a result some research stations are surrounded by the rubbish of nearly 60 years’ operations. Despite popular belief, the polar continent is really a desert, with less precipitation than the Sahara. In the past, snowfall slowly covered the waste left behind, like beer cans or dead ponies, but now, possibly due to global warming, the ice is thinning and these are being exposed. Over 10 years ago the countries using Antarctica agreed a treaty on waste disposal, under which everything is to be taken home, and this is slowly improving the situation. However, the scientists do not want everything removed. The remains of very early expeditions at the beginning of the twentieth century have acquired historical value and will be preserved.

49. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 49 Sample paraphrase:

50. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 50 1. Antarctica was unexplored until the twentieth century, and still has a tiny population in relation to its size. Yet it suffers from various pollution problems which have been described in a report by a New Zealand government agency. The low temperatures there impede the usual pattern of decay, though compared with most parts of the world it remains in pristine condition. Some long-established scientific bases have large piles of garbage around them. Few people realise that Antarctica has very little precipitation, so that in the current context of global warming the ice tends to reveal the rubbish that previously was slowly being buried under snow. For more than a decade the nations involved in Antarctic research have respected an agreement to repatriate their garbage, and this should gradually solve the problem. But there are a few items which will not be cleared up, since they belonged to the early period of exploration and have now acquired historic interest.

51. Paraphrasing Examples.

52. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 52 Ex 1. The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

53. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 53. An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

54. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 54 Ex 2. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.

55. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 55. According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).

56. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 56 Ex 3. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.

57. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 57. During the twenties lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as many turned away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young "flappers," women who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25).

58. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 58 Ex 4. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three- fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.

59. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 59. The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are school children ("Bike Helmets" 348).

60. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 60 Ex 5. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate. From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50.

61. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 61. Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct sensory impressions of one experiencing the scene first hand. For instance, "The Casbah Gate" takes one to the walled city of Tangier and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultan's palace, where one can imagine standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of colors and the fine outlines. Even the sentry, the bowaab vaguely eyeing those who come and go through the gate, blends into the scene as though real (Plagens 50).

62. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 62 Ex 6. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15.

63. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 63. How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than the present world marvel, the Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).

64. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 64 Ex 7. Original Source A key factor in explaining the sad state of American education can be found in overbureaucratization, which is seen in the compulsion to consolidate our public schools into massive factories and to increase to mammoth size our universities even in underpopulated states. The problem with bureaucracies is that they have to work hard and long to keep from substituting self-serving survival and growth for their original primary objective. Few succeed. Bureaucracies have no soul, no memory, and no conscience. If there is a single stumbling block on the road to the future, it is the bureaucracy as we know it. Edward T. Hall, Beyond Culture, Anchor Publishing, 1977, p. 219

65. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 65. Paraphrase 1 American education is overly bureaucratic. This is manifest in the increasing size of educational institutions, even in small states. Bureaucracies are bad because they tend to work to promote their own survival and growth rather than that of the institution, as was their initial objective. Most bureaucracies fail because they have a conscience or a soul. I believe that bureaucracies are the biggest stumbling block on the road to the educational future.

66. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 66. Acceptable or Unacceptable?

67. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 67. This is unacceptable. This paraphrase retains most of the original author’s ideas (though not quite accurately), as well as his way of structuring and expressing them. The paraphraser has made no effort to acknowledge the original author, and the use of the expression “I believe” suggests that the ideas in question are the paraphraser’s own.

68. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 68. Paraphrase 2 Bureaucratization has proved to be a major stumbling block on the road to our educational future. American institutions have become factories that are more conducive to the growth of bureaucratic procedures than to the growth of the students who attend them. Bureaucracies have to work long and hard to keep from promoting their own survival rather than the educational goals that were their primary objective.

69. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 69. Acceptable or Unacceptable?

70. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 70. This is unacceptable. This paraphrase retains most of the original author’s ideas and several key phrases, although it juggles their order around and rephrases them. The writer has not acknowledged the original author.

71. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 71. Paraphrase 3 Bureaucratization has proved to be a major stumbling block on the road to our educational future. American institutions have become factories that are more conducive to the growth of bureaucratic procedures than to the growth of the students who attend them. This means that, as Edward T. Hall says in his book, Beyond Culture, today’s educational institutions “have no soul, no memory, and no conscience.”

72. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 72. Acceptable or Unacceptable?

73. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 73. This is unacceptable. The writer does credit the original author, but she only credits him with one of the ideas/phrases she uses and she misrepresents the emphasis of the quoted words.

74. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 74. Paraphrase 4 In his book, Beyond Culture, Edward T. Hall discusses the problems posed by the increasing bureaucratization of American educational institutions. Hall maintains that overbureaucratization is one of the key factors governing the state of education in America today. He points to the tendency of bureaucracies to promote their own growth and survival first and foremost, and observes that few overcome that tendency. He believes that this is responsible for the fact that many public schools bear a closer resemblance to factories than to educational institutions. In Hall’s words, “Bureaucracies have no soul, no memory, and no conscience.”

75. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 75. Acceptable or Unacceptable?

76. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 76. This is acceptable. The writer has avoided using too many of Hall’s key phrases and clearly attributes his ideas to him without distorting their meaning.

77. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 77 How to Recognize Unacceptable and Acceptable Paraphrases?

78. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 78. Here's the ORIGINAL text, from page 1 of Lizzie Borden: A Case Book of Family and Crime in the 1890s by Joyce Williams et al.: The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.

79. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 79. Here's an UNACCEPTABLE paraphrase that is plagiarism : The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as well as production.

80. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 80 What makes this passage plagiarism?

81. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 81. The preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two reasons: the writer has only changed around a few words and phrases, or changed the order of the original's sentences. the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas or facts. If you do either or both of these things, you are plagiarizing. NOTE: This paragraph is also problematic because it changes the sense of several sentences (for example, "steam-driven companies" in sentence two misses the original's emphasis on factories).

82. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 82. Here's an ACCEPTABLE paraphrase: Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they found work in these new factories. As a result, populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of these manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams 1).

83. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 83 Why is this passage acceptable?

84. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 84. This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer: accurately relays the information in the original. uses her own words. lets her reader know the source of her information.

85. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 85. Here's an example of quotation and paraphrase used together, which is also ACCEPTABLE: Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. As steam-powered production shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, the demand for workers "transformed farm hands into factory workers," and created jobs for immigrants. In turn, growing populations increased the size of urban areas. Fall River was one of these manufacturing hubs that were also "centers of commerce and trade" (Williams 1)

86. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 86 Why is this passage acceptable?

87. PSY-219 Academic Writing in Psychology 87. This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer: records the information in the original passage accurately. gives credit for the ideas in this passage. indicated which part is taken directly from her source by putting the passage in quotation marks and citing the page number. !! See Successful vs. Unsuccessful paraphrases notes !! See Test Your Paraphrasing Skills Worksheet