1. KYOTO PROTOCOL Submitted By Team 5 Members : Anju Anna Kurian Dilip.N Nimmy Mathew Kiran Joy Ullas Udayakumar

2. KYOTO PROTOCOL  Rule to United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change  Initially adopted in 11- Dec – 1997 in Kyoto, Japan  Entered into force on 16 - Feb - 2005

3. OBJECTIVE Stabilization and reconstruction of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

4. SIGNIFICANCES  Global Warming  Sea-Level Rising  Industrial Pollution  Carbon Emission  Ecological Destruction  Effect on Social Systems

5. REFLECTIONS IN AUSTRALIAN POLICY

6.  Government going to introduce Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) CPRS is the cheapest and most effective way of tackling climatic change according to the Australian Government. Government also going to implement Carbon Trading by2012

7.  Investing in Clean Energy Investing more than $5 billion in developing and commercialising clean energy techniques Australia has set a Renewable Energy Target to get 1/5 th of electricity from renewable sources. Through Clean Energy Initiative, $4.5 billion invested to develop the use of abundant natural energy resources like solar power, energy from hot rocks in earth crust and carbon capture and storage – Administered by Dept. of Resources Energy and Tourism.

8.  Supporting Business to take Action Australian Government allocated over $240 million to establish Clean Business Australia, a partnership with business and industry for tackling climate change by improving energy and water efficiency and increasing sustainability. The government providing $75 million to for supporting the business by establishing The Australian Carbon Trust. The initiatives of this trust are a). Manage the Energy Efficiency Trust b).National Carbon Offset Standard Standars Carbon Neutral Program

9.  Supporting Households to take action The Australian households are directly responsible for 1/5 th of Australia’s Carbon Pollution. The govt. under Renewable Energy Bonus Scheme give a). A $1000 rebate for solar hot water system ;or b). A $600 rebate for heat pump system Green Loans Program – providing home sustainability assessments. National Strategy on Energy Effeciency – help people to choose energy effiecient appliances, homes and buildings.

10. APPROACHES BY DIFFERENT NATIONS

11. APPROACH BY EUROPEAN UNION  The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EUETS) is the EU’s central policy instrument to meet their cap set in the Kyoto Protocol. The program caps the amount of CO2 that can be emitted from large installations where heat supply in excess of 20 MW (power plants and carbon intensive factories).  The usage of carbon offsets are increased.  In 2007 UNCCC EU proposed 50% emission cut by 2050.Due to afforestation of forests in western and eastern Europe126 metric tones of CO2 was soaked up by them.

12. APPROACH BY USA  Obama govt. in USA has done various state, local and regional projects under the Kyoto Protocol.  Regional Greenhouse Gas initiative (RGGI) is a state level emissions capping and trading program, which was founded on January 18, 2007 by eight Northeastern US states.  Plans to cut the emissions 17% below that of 2005 by 2020.  The govt. to release 4 th US Climate Action Report to the UNFCCC that include measures to address climate change.  Organizations like Heritage Foundation and Greenpeace oppose Kyoto Protocol stating that without legal binding no nation will work for the carbon-emission cutting.

13. APPROACH BYAFRICA  Wants climate funds to reach $100bn a year by 2020 for rich countries to help poorer nations.  Wants at least 50% for vulnerable and poor regions such as African and small island states.  Like China, wants rich countries legally bound to cut emissions to 40% below 1990 level by 2020.  Describes 20 to 30% cuts as "unacceptable”.

14. APPROACH BYASIA  Power generation and Transmission Task Force  Coal Mining Task Force  Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation Task Force  Cleaner Fossil Energy task Force

15. CONCLUSION The Kyoto Protocol is not a final solution for the problems of Carbon-emission and Global- Warming. The solution was a failure since all the policies were not acceptable for the World Nations. An understanding should be there since amongst the Nations. They should understand the threat they are Causing while travelling at a high pace towards DEVELOPMENT.