1. January 6, 2016S. Mathews1 Human Geography By James Rubenstein Chapter 7 Key Issue 3 Why Do Ethnicities Clash?

2. January 6, 2016S. Mathews2 Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality The Horn of Africa and central Africa are the two areas where conflicts among ethnic groups have been particularly complex and brutal.

3. January 6, 2016S. Mathews3 Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa The Horn of Africa encompasses the countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia. Especially severe problems have been found in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia, as well as the neighboring country of Sudan.

4. January 6, 2016S. Mathews4 The Horn of Africa

5. January 6, 2016S. Mathews5 Ethiopia and Eritrea  Eritrea, located along the Red Sea, became an Italian colony in 1890.  Ethiopia, an independent country for more than 2,000 years, was captured by Italy during the 1930s.

6. January 6, 2016S. Mathews6 Ethiopia and Eritrea

7. January 6, 2016S. Mathews7 Ethiopia and Eritrea  After World War II, Ethiopia regained its independence.  The United Nations awarded Eritrea to Ethiopia.  The Eritreans rebelled, beginning a 30-year fight for independence (1961-1991).

8. January 6, 2016S. Mathews8 Ethiopia and Eritrea  In 1991 Eritrean rebels defeated the Ethiopian army.  In 1993 Eritrea became an independent state.  Eritrea has nine major ethnic groups.

9. January 6, 2016S. Mathews9 Sudan A civil war has raged since the 1980s between two ethnicities, - In the south; the black Christian and animist. - In the north; the Arab Muslim-dominated government.

10. January 6, 2016S. Mathews10 Sudan

11. January 6, 2016S. Mathews11 Sudan The black southerners have been resisting government attempts to convert the country from a multi-ethnic society to one nationality tied to Muslim traditions.

12. January 6, 2016S. Mathews12 Somalia  On the surface, Somalia should face fewer ethnic divisions than its neighbors in the Horn of Africa.  Somalis are overwhelmingly Sunni Muslims and speak Somali.

13. January 6, 2016S. Mathews13 Somalia

14. January 6, 2016S. Mathews14 With the collapse of a national government in Somalia, various clans and sub-clans claimed control over portions of the country. Somalia

15. January 6, 2016S. Mathews15 In 1992, after an estimated 300,000 people died from famine and from warfare between clans, the United States sent troops to Somalia to protect delivery of food and to reduce the number of weapons in the hands of the clan armies. Somalia

16. January 6, 2016S. Mathews16 Blackhawk Down 18 U.S. Army Rangers were killed when Somali militias shot down two military helicopters in October 1993. The United States suspects the Somalis were trained by al Qaeda, and the event was dramatized in the movie 'Black Hawk Down.'

17. January 6, 2016S. Mathews17 After peace talks among the clans collapsed in 1994, U.S. troops withdrew. Somalia

18. January 6, 2016S. Mathews18 Ethnic Competition in Lebanon  Lebanon has been severely damaged by fighting among religious factions since the 1970s.  No census has been taken in Lebanon since 1932.

19. January 6, 2016S. Mathews19 Ethnic Competition in Lebanon  Current estimate is about 60% Muslim, 30% Christian, and 10% other.  About 7% of the population is Druze (a religion combines elements of Islam and Christianity).

20. January 6, 2016S. Mathews20 Lebanon When Lebanon became independent in 1943, the constitution required that each religion be represented in the Chamber of Deputies according to its % in the 1932 census.

21. January 6, 2016S. Mathews21 Lebanon By unwritten convention, the president of Lebanon was a Maronite Christian, the premier a Sunni Muslim, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shiite Muslim, and the foreign minister a Greek Orthodox Christian.

22. January 6, 2016S. Mathews22  When the governmental system was created, Christians constituted a majority and controlled the country's main businesses.  As the Muslims became the majority, they demanded political and economic equality. Lebanon

23. January 6, 2016S. Mathews23 Lebanon’s distribution of religion

24. January 6, 2016S. Mathews24  A civil war broke out in 1975, and each religious group formed a private army or militia to guard its territory.  Syria, Israel, and the United States sent troops into Lebanon at various points to try to restore peace. Lebanon

25. January 6, 2016S. Mathews25  In 1983, 241 U.S. marines died when a truck bomb blew up their barracks resulting in U.S. withdrawal.  After several years of occupation, Syria finally withdrew its troops in April 2005 as a result of massive demonstrations. Lebanon

26. January 6, 2016S. Mathews26 Dividing Ethnicities among More Than One State Newly independent countries were often created to separate two ethnicities. However, two ethnicities can rarely be segregated completely.

27. January 6, 2016S. Mathews27 South Asia The British ended their colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947.

28. January 6, 2016S. Mathews28 Dividing Ethnicities in South Asia Antagonism between Hindus and Muslims was so great that the British decided to place the them in separate states. Pakistan for the Muslims India for the Hindus

29. January 6, 2016S. Mathews29 Forced Migration The partition of South Asia into two states resulted in massive migration, because the two boundaries did not correspond precisely to the territory inhabited by the two ethnicities.

30. January 6, 2016S. Mathews30 Forced Migration in South Asia

31. January 6, 2016S. Mathews31 Extremists Attacks Hindus in Pakistan and Muslims in India were killed attempting to reach the other side of the new border by people from the rival religion.

32. January 6, 2016S. Mathews32 Kashmir Since 1972 the Pakistan and India have maintained a "line of control" through the region. Muslims, who comprise a majority in both portions, have fought a guerrilla war to secure reunification of Kashmir, either as part of Pakistan or as an independent country.

33. January 6, 2016S. Mathews33 Kashmir

34. January 6, 2016S. Mathews34 Sikhs India's religious unrest is further complicated by the majority presence of 19 million Sikhs in Punjab, who have long resented that they were not given their own independent country when India was partitioned.

35. January 6, 2016S. Mathews35 Sikh Family

36. January 6, 2016S. Mathews36 Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), an island country of 20 million inhabitants off the Indian coast, has been torn by fighting between the Buddhist Sinhalese and the Hindu Tamils.

37. January 6, 2016S. Mathews37 Sri Lanka

38. January 6, 2016S. Mathews38 Sinhalese Comprise 74% of Sri Lanka's population, migrated from northern India in the 5th century B.C., occupying the southern portion of the island.

39. January 6, 2016S. Mathews39 Tamils 18% of Sri Lanka's population- migrated across the narrow 50- mile-wide Palk Strait from India beginning in the 3 rd century B.C. and occupied the northern part of the island.

40. January 6, 2016S. Mathews40 Ethnic Dispute in Sri Lanka The dispute between Sri Lanka's two ethnicities extends back more than 2,000 years but was suppressed during 300 years of European control. Since independence in 1948, Sinhalese have dominated.