1. Growth of Infrastructure in India.

2. Introduction
Defined as a set of activities through which goods and services are provided to public.
Definition keeps on evolving with time.
It is fluid. (e.g. irrigation, fibre optic)
Does not produce goods and services but provide a suitable environment for the production.

3. Infrastructure Growth in India
Progress of primary and secondary sector directly depends upon infrastructure.
Ensures synergy through backward and forward linkage providing strong base.
Indian Government taking every possible step.
RBI notified 100% FDI in
construction development
sector. (Automatic Route)
Has relaxed rules regarding
FDI, liberalized the exit
norms.

4. Bottlenecks To Infrastructure Development
Meeting the needs of burgeoning population.
Inhospitable Business Environment for infrastructure investors.
Indiscriminate Urbanization.
Reforming Infrastructure Financing.
Attracting foreign investment.
Speedy implementation of Projects.
Environmental Clearance Policy to be Articulate.
Co-ordination between Government Agencies.
Short Tender Process.

5. Meeting the needs of burgeoning population.
Indian population- 1.2 billion.
Population places demand on infrastructure.
Hence infrastructure faces pressure.

6. Inhospitable Business Environment for infrastructure investors.
Plagued by certain problems like unpredictable regulations, bureaucratic delays, struggles to secure land rights, corruption, low transparency and labour laws.

7. Indiscriminate Urbanization.
Rapid and unbalanced urbanization.
590 million people will shift to cities by 2030.
This unbalanced growth puts a pressure on the infrastructure and also leads to governance issues.

8. Reforming Infrastructure Financing.
Large funding gap in 12th 5 year plan. (Rs.14,60,870 cr.)
Hence immediate challenge to introduce reforms in infrastructure financing.

9. Attracting foreign investment.
Ending of 12th year plan, 47% of infrastructure share would be with private sector.
New potential investments-
1. China.
2.Japan
3.US

10. Speedy implementation of Projects.
Infrastructure projects get delayed due to land acquisition.
Solution- Land acquisition be done by the government prior to the project bidding stage and project commences only after land acquisition.

11. Environmental Clearance Policy to be Articulate.
Major roadblock- Government does not have clear and well defined environmental clearance policy.
Solution- Suitable bodies or independent consulting companies should be fostered to help bidders get clearance at a faster pace.

12. Co-ordination between Government Agencies.
Currently 7-8 clearances are required to set up power projects.
Situations in other sectors equally grave.
Takes about years.
Solution- Single window
clearance system with
specific guidelines for time
bound approvals.

13. Short Tender Process.
Reduction in time lag would reduce the project costs.
Rise in material costs due to inflation would also be controlled.

14. Energy Policy Objectives
Energy Access
Energy Security
Climate Change

15. Energy Demand and Supply Situation
68% India’s population in rural areas.
Increased population- Increased energy consumption
Commercial energy supply- Dependant on fossil fuels.
Renewable sources- Underutilized.
Energy sector dominated by Public sec tor.

16. Energy Mix
Coal
Renewable Energy
Petroleum
Power

17. Coal Energy Major source of energy in India.
– Estimated reserves – billion.
40% of electricity worldwide is produced using coal.
India is third largest producer of coal.
It is the most controlled
sector as 90% is in the
hands of public
company. 1. CIL
2. SCCL

18. Initiatives of Government for Coal Sector
The Coal Mines ( Nationalization) Act, 1973.
Colliery Control Order 2000.
New Coal Distribution Policy 2007.

19. Challenges Poor Quality. Opencast Mining. Poor Infrastructure.
Poor Technology
Monopolistic Nature.

20. Renewable Energy
It is energy obtained from resources that are indigenous and inexhaustible. Example –wind power, solar power, Geothermal energy , tidal power and Hydroelectric power.
It can be created without release of harmful pollutants.
India has abundance opportunities for using solar, wind and small hydro resources to produce Energy.
India has land suitable to produce Bio Mass energy.
These energy resources also helps in reducing Global threats of Climate change.
It will reduce country`s dependency on fossil fuels.
Renewable resources are Diffused and Decentralised which helps to satisfy energy needs of rural people and it will also crate job opportunities.

21. Share of Different Sources in Total World Renewable Energy Consumption
SHARE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMTION 16.7%
Share of different sources in Total Renewable Energy
Share%
Biomass Heat
11.44
Solar Hot water
0.17
Geothermal Heat
0.12
Hydro power
3.34
Ethanol
0.50
Bio Diesel
Biomass Electricity
0.28
Wind power
0.51
Geothermal Electricity
0.07
Solar PV Power
0.06
Solar CSP
0.002
Ocean power
0.001

22. Core Drivers
1.Energy Security 2.Elecricity Shortages. 3.Energy Access 4.Climate change 5.Progress in India

23. Growth of Renewable Power Generating Capacity (Cumulative Capacity in MW)
Sector
Beginning of X Plan
(April 2002)
Beginning of Xi Plan (April 2007)
Begining of Xii Plan
(April 2012)
Wind
1628
7092
17352
Small Hydro
1434
1976
3395
Bio Power
389
1184
3225
Solar 2 3
941
Total
3453
10255
24914

24. Government Initiatives
Renewable energy has been an important component of India`s
Energy planning Process since Quite some time .The importance of renewable energy sources in the transition to a sustainable
Base was recognized in the early 1970`s.
Setting up of Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE)
Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources(1982)
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)
Ministry of Non –Conventional Energy Sources
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
The National Solar Mission.

25. Setting up of Commission for Additional Sources of Energy(CASE)
The two oil shocks in 1970 led to the establishment of CASE in Department of Science and Technology in March 1981.
This commission was charged with responsibility of Policy formulation and their implementation programme for development of new and Renewable energy
It also helps in coordinating and intensifying Research and Development in the sector.

26. Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES)
In 1982 a new Department was created in the Ministry of Energy .
It incorporated CASE.

27. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)
This was crated in 1987 to finance renewable energy projects.

28. Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Resources
In 1982 DNES become Ministry of Non-Conventional energy resources
In october2006 this Ministry was Rechristened as the Ministry of New and Renewable energy
KEY OBJECTIVES;-
promotion of deployment of Grid –interactive renewable power generation projects.
Promoting energy initiatives for:-
Meeting energy needs of rural people
Supplementing energy needs in urban areas industry and commercial establishments.
Research design and development

29. Functions:- Encourage development of a Robust manufacturing Industry.
Policy and regulatory framework
Fiscal and financial incentives
Human Resource Development
Fostering International Cooperation
Information , Publicity and Public Awareness
Supporting Research and Development
Undertaking resource assessment and Potential estimation
Other special Incentives.

30. The National Solar Mission
Aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power Generation .
OBJECTIVE:-
To reduce the cost of solar power generation through:-
Large scale deployment goals
Aggressive R and D
Domestic production of Critical Raw material , components and equipments
Schemes:-
Scheme for setting up of over 300 MW of Grid connected Solar PV power projects by Defence Establishments
Scheme for setting up 1000MW of Grid Connected solar PV power projects
Scheme for setting up of solar parks and ultra mega solar power projects

31. Grid connected solar PV power projects
Pilot-cum –demonstration project for development of grid connected PV power plants

32. Incentives offered by Govt. Of India
For development of Solar Energy Sector:-
Exemption from Excise duties and concession on import duty.
A 10 year tax holiday
Wheeling ,banking and third party sales , buyback facility by states
Guaranteed market
GBI schemes for small solar projects
Reduced wheeling charges
Special incentives for exports from INDIA
Loans at concessional rates
For Biomass Power Projects:-
80% claim of depreciation in the first year
A 10 year income tax holiday

33. For Small Hydro Power Projects:-
Concession on custom duty and exemption from Excise duty
Exemption from sales tax
Financial incentives from IREDA
For Small Hydro Power Projects:-
Preferential Tarrifs
Financial incentives
Subsidy to upgrade watermills
Custom duty concessions
A 10 year tax holiday

34. Challenges
Land Acquisition
Water shortage

35. POWER
Power is the main input in all the Economic activities be it Agriculture , Industry or other commercial Business and is equally important for Domestic Lighting
India`s power sector is experiencing the Growth
Power is the main source of energy and GOI is making many efforts to improve this sector
POWER SECTOR OUTLAYS (crores)
PLAN
PLAN OUTLAY
ACTUAL EXPENDITURE %
Eight plan
79589
76677
96.3%
Ninth Plan
124225
114008
91.8%
Tenth Plan
205021
182380
88.9%
Eleventh Plan
473745
388531
82.0%
Twelfh Plan
960425
N.A. -

36. Sources of Power in India :-
Thermal power
Hydro power
Renewable sources
Nuclear power
INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY (MW) FROM TO
YEAR
TOTAL CAPACITY
THERMAL
HYDRO
RENEWABLES
NUCLEAR
132329
86015
34654
7761
3900
143061
91907
35909
11125
4120
147965
93725
36878
13242
159398
102454
36863
15521
4560
173626
112824
37567
18455
4780
199877
131603
38990
24503
223343
151530
39491
27542

37. Within the Thermal sector coal has been a dominant fuel which account for about 85%OF THERMAL POWER capacity share of diesel is approx. 0.8% and gas been approx. 13% INSTALLED THERMAL GENERATION CAPACITY (MW) from to
YEAR
total
Coal (steam)
Gas
Diesel
86015
71121
13692
1202
91907
76019
14686
93725
77649
14877
1200
102454
84198
17056
112824
93918
17681
1225
131603
112022
18381
151530
130221
20110

38. Generation of Power in India
Source wise share in Total Generation in and
sector
Hydro
113502(17%)
130511(14%)
Steam
461794(69%)
612497(66%)
Diesel
2539(0.4%)
2649(0.3%)
Gas
64157(10%)
93281(10%)
Nuclear
18802(3%)
32287(4%)
Renewable
9860(1%)
51226(6%)

39. Initiatives by Govt.
1.Electricity (supply) Act ,1948 :- To facilitate faster development of power Sector and State Electricity Boards are set up at level to ensure systematic growth of Power supply industry across the country . It was set up to rationalise production and supply of electricity and taking measures conducive to electrical development.

40. 2. Private Power Policy 1991 :
Under this policy private companies were allowed to invest in:-
thermal projects
Hydro projects
Wind and solar projects
Foreign Investors were allowed to invest in projects with 100% ownership with Govt. Approval.

41. 3.Liquid Fuel Policy , 1995 :-
under this Policy Private Players were Permitted to set up power projects using fuels like Naphtha and Fuel oil
Focus was to encourage the use of liquid fuel in power plants.

42. 4.Policy for Renovation and Modernisation of Existing Plants 1995:-
This policy was set up in order to modernise the Existing plants both through Public and private investment , and for modernisation purpose funds were also raised through traditional funding like from financial institution and external agency. The ownership of the renovated plant remained with SEBs

43. 5.The Electricity Regulatory Commission Act,1998 :-
this act focused on the establishment of Central Electricity regulatory commission at central level and State Electricity Regulatory Commission at state level.
Commission has the power to determine and ratinalisation of tariffs subsidies etc.

44. 6.Hydro Power Policy ,1998 :-
the aim was to accelerate the development of Hydropower.
Idea was to set up vast Electric potential at faster pace with supportive policies from the Govt.
Aimed at promotion of small and mini hydro projects for remote areas
Strengthening the role of PSUs and SEBs in taking new hydro projects.

45. 7.Mega power policy ,1998:-
its focus was on the development of projects with capacity of 1000 MW and more ,which cater to the power needs of more than one state.
These projects are known as mega power projects
Projects were awarded through competitive bidding
This policy was revised in 1998 and after that it offer some fiscal incentives as well
Due to which it create interest in private players to enter into mega projects so to avail different benefits .

46. 8.The Energy Conservation Act,2001 :-
It was passed to enforce measures relating to energy conservation :-
Energy consumption standards
Direct mandatory display of label
Prohibit manufacture ,sale , purchase of notified equipment and appliances not conforming to energy consumption Standards
Notifying designated consumers
Establishing norms and standards for designated consumers.

47. 9.The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act,2010:-
The Central govt. May issue certificate to those Designated Consumers whose energy consumption is less than the prescribed norms and standards.
The Designated consumers whose energy consumption is more than prescribed norms and standards shall be entitled to purchase the Energy Saving Certificate
Prescribe the value of per metric ton of oil equivalent of enrgy consumed.

48. The main features of the act are as follows:-
10. The Electricity Act , 2003 :-
The main features of the act are as follows:-
De-licensing of generation and permitted the captive generation without restriction.
Its also provides for the transmission , distribution and trading in electricity with a license.
The act empowered central Govt. To make region-wise demarcation of the country
The state govt. Required to unbundle State Electricity board
Setting up State Electricity Regulatory Commission made mandatory
An appellate tribunal to hear appeals against the decision of CERCs and SERCs
Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory
Provisions related to theft of electricity become more stringent.

49. Initiatives for Rural Electrification
1.Rural electrification under Minimum Needs Program (MNP):
It was started in 5th five year plan . Under this funds were provided as Central assistance to the states in the form of partly grants and partly loans.
2. Kutir Jyoti Scheme :
it was launched in to provide single point light connections to households of rural families below the poverty line.
3.Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY) :-
it was implemented in Under this funds were provided to the states as Additional Central Assistance.

50. 4.Accelerated Rural Electrification Programme (AREP):
it was launched in the year Under this interest subsidy of 4% was to be provided on loans availed by State Governments / power Utilities from Financial institutions for carrying out rural electrification program.
5.Accelrated Electrification of One Lakh Villages and One crore households:-
it was launched in Under this there was a provision for providing 40% capital subsidy for rural electrification projects and the balance as loan assistance on soft terms.
6.Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna (RGGVY):-
I was launched in April 2005 to provide Access to electricity to all rural households plus rural electricity infrastructure . It also focused on providing a free electricity connection for all the BPL households.

51. Issues faced by Power Sector
1.Shortage of fuel 2.Delays in Clearances 3.Regional concentration of power Generation 4.Low operational Efficiency 5.Lack of Private Investment 6.Low tariffs

52. GROWTH OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR IN INDIA

54. TELECOMMUNICATION : exchange of information using electronic means

55. India has the second largest telecom network in the world .
This sector has grown at around 45 % per year since
Intense competition in this sector due to the entry of new players and expansion by existing players .

56. GROWTH OF TELECOMMUNICATION SECTOR
Origin of Indian telecom sector can be traced back to 165 years .
First operational land lines were laid by the government near Kolkata { Calcutta}.

57. In 1947 , after India gained independence , telecom companies were nationalised .
Indian telecom sector was entirely under the Government .
In 1984, private sector was given an entry into this sector but only in manufacturing equipments.

58. The actual evolution occurred when the Government seperated the Department of Post and Telegraph in 1985 by setting up Department of Posts and the Department of Telecommunications.

59. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
National Telecom Policy 1994

60. NATIONAL TELECOM POLICY
Was brought into existance to provide world class services to people.
For increasing the availability of landlines to the people.
To make telecommunication services cost effective .

61. KEY CHALLENGES Increasing consumer base Unclear regulatory environment
Excessive competition
Spectrum availability
Creation of telecom infrastructure

62. Presentation on Infrastructure growth in transport sector
Submitted to : Submittedby Dr. Dr. Nisha Aggarwal Divya joshi

63. Introduction Transport sector is important:
1 To facilitate agriculture and industry.
2 for overall development of economy.
3 for movement of men, material and machines.
4 significant contribution to GDP

64. Types of transport

65. Road transport Principal means of transport
It is the oldest means of transport
It helps in developing the other means of transport

66. Road transport in India
India has the second largest road network in the world
National highways account for 1.7 % Of total network in India
Double-lane highways constitutes the largest share of highways in India(40,658 km)
As of April 2015, India has completed and placed in use over 24000, kilometers of recently built 4or6 lane highways

67. Merits of road transport
Less capital outlay (cost of constructing, operating and maintaining roads)
Door to door service (warehouse to warehouse)
Service in rural areas
Flexible service (alternative ways, if an y road is blocked)
Suitable for short distance
Lesser risk of damage in transit
Saving in packing cost
Rapid speed
Personal services(people have their own vehicles)

68. Private owned vehicles (businessmen)
Suitable for perishable goods
Provides employment
Feeder to other modes of transport

69. Demerits of road transport
Unsuitable for long distances
Not suitable for heavy goods
Irregularity (time is not fixed)
Risky
No uniformity in fairs
Seasonal nature
Slow speed
Lack of organisation(irregular, different fair prices, seasonal nature)
Environmental concerns

70. Issues in Indian transport
Inadequate infrastructure
-majority roads are two-lane
-less flyovers, underpasses, bypasses, bridges etc.
- inadequate availability of alternative modes

71. LANE
A division of a road marked off with painted lines and intended to separate single lines of traffic according to speed or direction

72. Indian highways American HIGHWAYS

73. Poor quality of roads -unsurfaced (42.65%)
- deficiencies in national highways i.e.
inadequate capacity etc. -

74. Overloading -no check on overloading of vehicles
- overloading is permitted by issue of special token

75. Lack of trained manpower
-lack of trained drivers
- easy availability of licences

76. Lack of adequate parking space

77. Mixed Traffic

78. Multiple check-posts
- causes abnormal delays - no uniformity in rates of road taxes

79. Lack of way side amenities
Lack of private participation
Lack of uniformity
Roadside encroachment

80. Higher fuel cost Increased number of road accidents Polluting vehicles and fuels-

81. RAIL TRANSPORT IN INDIA

82. Worlds largest passenger carrier
Network spans more than 64,600 kms.
3rd largest in world
Passenger traffic witnessed a CAGR of 5.2% during
Freight traffic registered a marginally lower CAGR of 4.9% in same period.
Sector runs trains, carrying over 23 Million passengers daily connecting 7172 stations
7421 freight trains are run carrying about 3 million tonnes of freight every day

83. MERITS OF RAILWAYS BETTER ORGANISED DEPENDABLE
CHEAPER MODE OF TRANSPORT
IMPETUS TO AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH OF MARKETS & SPECIALISATION

84. FLEXIBLE IN TERMS OF CARRYING CAPACITY
CHECK ON THE FLUCTUATIONS OF PRICES
MOST HELPFUL IN CALAMITIES
ENCOURAGEMENT TO TOURISM
EMPLOYMENT

85. STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE
STRONG ENVIRONMENTAL FOCUS
PUBLIC WELFARE
SAFETY

86. DEMERITS OF RAILWAYS HUGE CAPITAL OUTLAY INFLEXIBLE ROUTES
LACK OF DOOR TO DOOR SERVICE
UNSUITABLE FOR SHORT DISTANCE & SMALL LOADS
MONOPOLY

87. NO RURAL SERVICES
BOOKING FORMALITIES
UNSAFE FOR FRAGILE ITEMS
UNDER-UTILISED CAPACITY

88. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES INADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE UNDER INVESTMENT
POOR SERVICE QUALITY
UNMANNED LEVEL CROSSINGS
CLEANLINESS AND CATERING
LAW & ORDER PROBLEMS
STIFF COMPETITION

89. LOW PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
LOW OPERATING EFFICIENCY
SOCIAL BURDEN
LAND ACQUISITION &CLEARANCES ISSUES
NON- AVAILABILITY OF SEPARATE PASSENGER &FREIGHT LINES
UNAUTHORISED VENDERS
HIGH TARIFF RATES
LIMITED NON-CORE BUSINESS

90. Allocation in union budget 2014-15
Urban metro projects- Rs.100 crore for Lucknow &Ahmadabad
Light rail systems in PPP mode- funding by VGF(VIABILITY GAP FUNDING)
Diamond quadrilateral project of high speed trains
High speed bullet trains- Mumbai- Ahemdabad route
Freight corridors proposed on eastern and western corridors.

91. Rail- road competition and co-ordination
Causes of competition:
Flexibility of time table to suit individual requirements
Provision for door to door services
No booking hassels
Lower operational costs
Freedom of movement due to availability of multiple routes
Suitability for short distance
Unlike railways no social welfare obligations etc..

92. 2. Need for co-ordination:
To relieve severe traffic
To control increasing pollution
To check accidents
Limits & constraints to expansion of existing road network
Ensure better returns on huge fixed investment
Check on wastage
All-round development

93. Measures adopted for co-ordination:
MITCHEL KIRKNESS COMMITTEE
RAIL-ROAD CONFERENCE-1933
TRANSPORT ADVISORY COUNCIL-1935
MOTOR VEHICLE ACT,1939
COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT POLICY AND CO-ORDINATION-1959
NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY COMMITTEE-1980
THE STEERING COMMITTEE ON PERSPECTIVE PLANNING FOR TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT-1988
TRANSPORT POLICY DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE-2010

94. It is very useful for long distances and saves time.
AIR TRANSPORT IN INDIA
The mobility of men and material by air is called air transport. It is the fastest means of transport.
It is very useful for long distances and saves time.
The parliament passed the Air Transport Corporation Act in 1953 under which the Indian Airlines Corporation was to run domestic services and Air India is to run external services

96. Advantages of air transport
Comfortable and quick Services
Lesser Infrastructure Investment
High speed
Short and Direct Route
Easy Access
Emergency Services

97. Most Suitable For Carrying high value but light goods
Promotes International Trade
Promotes Tourism

98. Demerits of Air Transport
Very Costly
Small Carrying Capacity
Uncertain and Unreliable
Breakdowns and Accidents/Risky
Large Investment
Specialised Skill
Unsuitable for Cheap and Bulky Goods
Legal Restrictions

99. ISSUES IN AIR TRANSPORT
Higher Fuel Cost than International Bench Marks
Higher Level of Taxes
Non availability of skilled personnel
Poor Intermodel Connectivity
Price sensitive market
High and growing debt burden

100. India has too few airports
Infrastructure
Poor Aircraft Utilization
Barriers to Entry

101. WATER TRANSPORT
Water transport is one of the oldest means of transport in India
Over the years, there has been a considerable improvement in the construction, design, motive power, speed, safety, etc.
Small cost is involved in the construction and maintenance of waterways.

104. MERITS OF WATER TRANSPORT
Lesser Infrastructure Investment
Cheap Mode
Low operational cost
Larger capacity
Flexible service
Suitable for heavy cargo
Safe

105. Fuel Efficient
Environment Friendly
Useful during natural calamities
Helpful in Defence
Low Risk of Damage in Transit
Generates Employment

106. DEMERITS OF WATER TRANSPORT
Slow Speed
Affected by seasonal weather conditions
Limited Area of operation
Unreliable
Risky
Unsuitable for Perishable Goods
Specialized Skill
Legal Restrictions
Affects Flora and Fauna

107. ISSUES IN WATER TRANSPORT
High Operational Cost
Lack of Comprehensive Strategy
Poor Port Governance
Poor Rail Road Connectivity
Financial Constraints
Poor Incentives
High Cost of Fuel

108. Working age of ships
Low Productivity
Dual Governance

109. THANK YOU