1. Behavioral Biology Chapter 51 http://classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFolio.cgi?action=view&link=Animations/People&image=sleeping.gif&img=&tt=

2. Behavior – what an animal does and why they do it. Has proximate (immediate responses) and ultimate (evolutionary reasons) causes. Innate behavior – present at birth.

3. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Greifreflex.JPG/180px-Greifreflex.JPG Human grasp reflex – innate behavior

4. Fixed action pattern (FAP) – These Triggered by a stimulus.

5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_action_pattern These chicks peck at red spot on mothers beak to stimulate regurgitating reflex.

6. Optimal foraging theory – foraging is balance between cost and reward. Animals expend the least amount of energy to get the most food.

7. http://www.cquest.utoronto.ca/cgi-bio150/foraging/book.cgi?from=intro*section2&book=optimal&page=models Hummingbirds must constantly eat in order to keep up with demand.

8. Learning Modification of behavior because of specific experiences. Different from maturation (change due to development in neuromuscular system) If stimulus is overused, habituation occurs. (no response)

9. http://www.jolyon.co.uk/illustrations/vision/jpg_8.1_habituation.htm

10. * A Imprinting – learning limited to specific period in animal’s life (sensitive period) Seen in songbird’s song – bird must learn song during sensitive period or it won’t learn it.

11. http://www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu/avc/zentall/images/defaul5.jpg

12. B Associative learning – associating one stimulus for another. 1 Classical conditioning – one stimulus gives reward or punishment (Pavlov’s dogs) 2 Operant conditioning – trial and error learning

13. http://www.geocities.com/skews_me_too/img/pavlovdog.jpg

14. http://www.psy.pdx.edu/PsiCafe/Overheads/OperantCond.jpg

15. C Play – no external goal, but has goal-directed behaviors. Could be for exercise or for practice (i.e. play fighting)

16. http://www.milwaukeedogparks.org/images/9-28%20crop%20Talih%20%20Henley%20001.jpg

17. Cognition Ability of animal’s nervous system to perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by receptors. 1 Kinesis and taxis – kinesis – change in activity due to stimulus; taxis – movement towards/away from stimulus.

18. http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/entfacts/trees/ef406sow.gif Sowbugs exhibit kinesis – they are more active in dry areas, less in humid areas. This ensures they will always be in wet areas.

19. Before adding light After adding light http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Taxes.html The organisms exhibit positive phototaxis and orient towards the light.

20. 2 Landmarks – more complex; ability to use objects as memory tools. 3 Cognitive maps – code of spatial relationships among objects. Blue jays can remember thousands of storage areas for food.

21. http://www.turtletrack.org/Issues03/Co09202003/Art/Jay.jpg

22. Cognition studied through migration (movement over long distances)

23. http://www.paulnoll.com/Oregon/Birds/Avian-migration-Swans.jpg

24. Social behavior Any interaction between 2 + animals, usually the same species. 1 Agnostic behavior – involves threatening/submissive behavior – winner earns something (mate, food) Involves rituals, reconciliation behavior.

25. http://www.worldbook.com/features/birds/html/how_familylife.html Ritual behavior in birds

26. 2 Dominance hierarchy – pecking order from top-ranked to bottom. 3 Territoriality – defends territories for mating, feeding, etc.

27. http://alaskabeartours.com/images3/big/fight2.jpg Dominance hierarchy in bears

28. Mating behaviors 1 Courtship – behavior patterns leading to mating. Amount of time proportional to parental investments (amount of time needed to produce/raise young) http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=322_118541235 0http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=322_118541235 0

29. http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/cga/lowres/cgan141l.jpg

30. 2 Mating systems – vary in species. A Promiscuous – no strong relationships. B Monogamous – one male/one female.

31. http://www.picturethisgallery.com/Artists/Larson,%20Judy/Alpha%20dogs.jpg

32. C Polygamous – more than one partner; polygyny – 1 male/<1 female; polyandry – 1 female/<1 male

33. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070718001620.htm New evidence shows that this fox, once thought to be monogamous, may exhibit polyandry.

34. D Signals – behavior that causes change in behavior in other animal. 1 Phermones – chemical signals emitted from animals.

35. http://www.cartoonstock.com/lowres/bgr0004l.jpg

36. Altruism – reduces individual fitness but increases fitness of recipient. Leads to inclusive fitness – total effect an individual has on passing on genes by producing offspring and helping to raise close relatives.

37. http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/9/9d/Monkeysgrooming.jpg

38. Kin selection – form of altruism specific to families. Weakens with hereditary distance. Reciprocal altruism – altruism outside of family (seen rarely; i.e. humans)

39. http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=htt p%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearc h%3Fq%3Decology&v=yRLfRRNoZzIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=htt p%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearc h%3Fq%3Decology&v=yRLfRRNoZzI http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=htt p%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearc h%3Fq%3Decology&v=yC6JM8oZzwIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=htt p%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearc h%3Fq%3Decology&v=yC6JM8oZzwI http://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=htt p%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearc h%3Fq%3Decology&v=Vr7i1j7QtGYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?emb=0&eurl=htt p%3A%2F%2Fvideo.google.com%2Fvideosearc h%3Fq%3Decology&v=Vr7i1j7QtGY