1. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion (Saratoga Campaign)
1777- British Goal is to capture Hudson River Valley & sever New England (hot point of revolution) from the rest of the colonies.
British Gen. Burgoyne- would march from Lake Champlain (Canada) to Albany; delayed by Colonial leader Benedict Arnold on Lake Champlain- had to return to Canada & start later.
Gen. Howe- from NYC up the Hudson River (if needed) to meet Burgoyne in Albany
Col. St. Leger- would march from the west (by Lake Ontario) to Albany
Results:
Burgoyne delayed…later fights at Saratoga
Howe goes the wrong way…to Philly rebel capital.
St. Leger defeated at Orskany, NY & retreats.

2. The Planned Invasion 1777

3. Philadelphia
Gen. Washington- transferred his army to Philly—Continental Congress met there.
Washington was defeated at Brandywine Creek (Sept. 11, 1777) & Battle of Germantown (Oct. 4, 1777) = Continental Army forced out of Pennsylvania = Continental Congress had to evacuate too!!

5. Washington’s Army Survives
Winter of
Washington & Continental Army went to Valley Forge for the winter for rest & resupply—barely surviving (2,500 died from disease & cold).
Washington’s Strategy Changes:
Battles lost in NY & Penn. Taught Washington that a change in strategy was best:
Smaller more frequent skirmishes with British.
Avoid major battles that would endanger his whole army.
As long as his army was intact, the war would continue no matter what cities the British captured.
Baron Von Steuben- trained Washington’s men into a professional army.

8. BATTLE OF SARATOGA (Oct, 1777)
Gen. Burgoyne- left alone at Saratoga
Gen. Gates & Arnold (American Continentals) defeated Burgoyne & forced his surrender & 9,000 troops.
Britain offers colonials “home rule”- Americans refused it!
**Led to a military alliance (1778-Franco-American Alliance) with France providing soldiers, naval fleet and $$$$$.
Fight until Britain defeated, guarantee AMERICAN independence, negotiate a “common end”
1779- Spain- war with GB
1780- Holland- war with GB

9. SURRENDER AT SARATOGA
Surrender/saratoga

10. Ben Franklin Secures the help of France
Summer Continental Congress developed Model Treaty.
No political Connection with another country.
No military connection with another country.
Only commercial connection.
December 1776, Ben Franklin became American diplomat to France to secure their help.
* France welcomed Franklin like a “star”
After defeat at Saratoga- Britain offered the American colonists “home rule”
Ben Franklin went to France to secure help.
**The Franco-American Alliance (Feb. 1778)- France offers army, navy and money help to American colonists; officially recognized America’s independence, will wage war with Britain until US got independence, US had to defend French possessions.
A Colonial Rebellion turns into global war!!!
** BIG EFFECT OF AMERICAN VICTORY AT SARATOGA!!!

11. “Armed Neutrality” War in The North Ends
Catherine the Great led weak maritime (sea) European nations against Britain PASSIVELY (Armed Neutrality)
All of Europe “passively against England”
WORLD WAR!!
Spain & & Holland join war against Britain also--FOUGHT IN SOUTH AMERICA, CARRIBBEAN, ASIA too.
** GB had to deploy troops around the world—so they were handicapped in North America!
War in The North Ends
June 1774-Battle of Monmouth, NJ (last battle of war in North)
Gen. Clinton replaces Howe as commander-in-chief of British army in states
Fight was a draw- Clinton escapes to NYC

12. War in the West
West of the Appalachian Mountains and along the border of Quebec, the war was an “Indian War”. 13,000 Indians fought on the British side.
Both Americans & England attempted to get Indians to side with them.
Joseph Brant- Chief of Mohawks got the (Seneca's, Onondaga’s, Cayuga’s) of the Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy) to support England- attacked frontier settlers in Penn. & NY until 1779.
Some Mohawk tribes sided with British---some with Americans.
Many Tuscarora & Oneida sided with Americans
Cherokee convinced to join British cause also
Loyalists & Indians led attacks against American colonists in NY, Penn. & Kentucky.
In the South, Creek & Seminoles sided with British in Georgia & SC
War in The Ohio River Valley
George Rogers Clark
Tried to neutralize British influence in Ohio territory.
Captured British cities Kaskaskia & Vincennes
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)
1st treaty between United States & Indians
Indians (Six Nations) ceded most of their land
* Most Indians denied the right of “leaders” who signed it.

13. The French ENTER the War
Summer French send army of 6,000 regular troops commanded by Comte de Rochambeau– Newport, R.I.
Americans at first suspicious
1780- Benedict Arnold turned traitor- plotted to sale West Point for 6,300 POUNDS & officer’s commission.

14. Britain’s “Southern Strategy" Phase 3 OF the War
Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.
Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.
The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside.
Intense fighting between American Patriots & Loyalists!
Campaigns from Virginia to SC to Georgia.
Georgia was Overrun in

15. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]
Charleston captured
In 1780 by Cornwallis
1781- Battle of Camden– DEFEAT for Colonials
Horatio Gates removed from command of US forces
Nathaniel Greene- takes command & leads victory
Greene & Francis Marion “Swamp Fox”

16. Map-yorktown
Battle of Yorktown
British General Charles Cornwallis wanted to winter his troops in the South believing the war would be won in the Spring…..
Yorktown was chosen because it provided easy access to be reinforced and re-supplied
General Washington learned of the British decision to winter their main troops in Yorktown.

17. 15,000 American and French troops surrounded 8,000 British troops……
Battle of Yorktown
Strategy included the use of the French navy, French troops and American troops.
French navy under the direction of Admiral de Grasse, placed a blockade around the Chesapeake Bay.
15,000 American and French troops surrounded 8,000 British troops……
General Cornwallis is trapped and is forced to his surrender his troops to Washington
Brings war to an end

18. The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
Admiral De Grasse

20. Cornwallis’ Surrender at YorktowN
“The World Turned Upside Down!”
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

21. Treaty of Paris

22. Treaty of Paris
USA

23. Treaty of Paris

24. Blacks in war

25. Blacks in war