1. CREATING THE NEW CONSTITUTION Ch. 3, Les. 1 & 2

2. THE COUNTRY’S FIRST GOVERNMENTS  State Constitutions  Once the colonists declared independence, they had to have a new government to replace colonial charters.  In January of 1776, New Hampshire was the first state to write a state constitution- a detailed, written plan for government  Massachusetts now has the longest standing state constitution  They all had a similar structure:  Bicameral (two parts or houses) legislatures  Governor- elected by legislature or the citizens  Courts- Judges decided how laws applied to new situations

3. BILL OF RIGHTS  State governments were based on ideals in the Declaration of Independence.  Most included ideas of individual rights, to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”  Most contained a Bill of Rights  Guaranteed basic freedoms and legal protections such as:  Trial by jury  Protection of personal property  These ideas can be traced back to the Magna Carta and English Bill of Rights

4. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION  Some tasks were too big for states to handle on their own…. So what were the states to do?  The Second Continental Congress drafted the Articles of Confederation- the first constitution of the United States  Created the Confederation Congress, a one-house legislature in which each house had one vote.

5. CONFEDERATION CONGRESS  Passed two laws, or ordinances, that had a major effect on the US because they helped people settle the Northwest territory in an orderly way. During the 1770s, only a few thousand people lived there. By 1790, there were 120,000.  Northwest Ordinance  1787 law that set up a government for the Northwest Territory and a plan for admitting new states to the union.  Also said, “there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory.”  Ordinance of 1785  Set up a plan for surveying (measuring) western lands Which president was a surveyor?

6. WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES

7.  There was little central power under the Articles  Congress could not enforce laws it passed  Did not allow for a single leader  If a state ignored a law, the Confederation Congress could do nothing  The Congress did have several successes  Won the Revolutionary War  Forced Britain to accept US independence

8. Shays’s Rebellion  The Confederation Congress could not collect taxes, but they had borrowed a lot of money for the American Revolution  States were in a lot of debt and people were out of jobs partly because the states were taxing them so heavily  A farmer, Daniel Shays, owed money to state taxes. The state threatened to take his farm. Shays led 1,200 protestors in an attack on a federal arsenal. The attack was quickly stopped, but it was a warning.  Many felt that a stronger national government was needed

9. The Constitutional Convention Ten years after the Articles were written, Americans realized that they needed a stronger national government. Every state except for Rhode Island sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia to fix the Articles. There were 55 men overall. Most were educated. All had political experience. Native Americans, African Americans, and women were not allowed to take part. Benjamin Franklin was the oldest at 81. Most, however, had their careers ahead of them. Of the delegates, two would become President, 19 would become Senators, 13 would become Representatives, and four would be Supreme Court Justices.

10. Delegates Gouverneur Morris wrote the preamble James Madison kept detailed notes Roger Sherman proposed the Great Compromise George Washington guided the convention

11. The First Decisions The delegates soon realized that fixing the Articles would not fix the nation’s problems. They needed a completely new government The delegates chose George Washington to run the meetings Each state had one vote on decisions, and a simple majority would decide any issue. The public was not allowed, and delegates agreed not to discuss the meeting with outsiders Independence Hall Philadelphia

12. Representation? One of the main issues discussed was how the states would be represented in the new government Virginia Plan -State population would decide how many representatives each state has -Larger states would have more votes than smaller states -MA, PA, VA, and NY favored this -Small states felt that their interests would be ignored New Jersey Plan -Based on the Articles = one-house congress -Each state would have one vote -DE, MD, and NJ favored this -Large states felt that they should have more power because of their larger population

13. Compromise A committee headed by Roger Sherman created The Great Compromise- an agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation. House is based on population. Each state has two members in the Senate Each group gave up something, but gained something else Three-fifths Compromise- agreement stating that enslaved people would count as three-fifths of a person in determining representation The delegates also compromised on issues such as trade and taxes. Southern states worried that the Congress might stop the slave trade, which supported the south’s economy. The delegates compromised that the issue wouldn’t be discussed until 1808. Some thought that Congress should choose the President. Others wanted him to be elected by the people. The compromise was the Electoral College.

14. Federalists and Anti-Federalists Once the Constitution was written, it still had to be ratified, or approved, by nine of the thirteen states. Federalists- those who supported the ratification of the Constitution The name represented the principle of federalism in the government How did they win the support of the public? They reminded Americans of the weaknesses of the Articles They said a strong national government would protect property A strong national government could defend America at home and abroad Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison wrote the Federalist Papers

15. Anti-federalists Opposed the ratification of the Constitution Why? They thought that they powerful new government would destroy the liberties that Americans had just won in the Revolutionary War They didn’t want the federal government to be stronger than the states They feared the government would favor the wealthy They didn’t want the national government to extend beyond basic government purposes THEIR MAIN OBJECTION- There was no Bill of Rights to protect individual freedoms. Once the Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights, many Anti- federalists gave their support to the new Constitution

16. PREGUNTAS Why would the colonists have thought that listing rights was so important? Which weakness of the Articles do you think was the most significant? Why? What was the purpose of the Federalist Papers? What issue did the Three-Fifths Compromise solve? Who opposed ratifying the Constitution and what were their main arguments against it?