1. LIDO 1 LIDO Telecommunications Essentials® Part 3 Next Generation Networks Next Generation Networks

2. LIDO 2 The Broadband Evolution ICT trends are making a profound impact on life as we know it. We're quickly becoming a world populated with things that think. A new generation of converged infrastructure required –bandwidth abundance –the use of intelligent optical networks –protocols that can guarantee performance in service levels –devices that can engage across a complete realm of voice, data, video, rich media, and sensory media –all on a mobile basis when needed.

3. LIDO 3 Broadband Drivers Primary drivers toward broadband infrastructures include –the increasing demand for information –the shifting traffic patterns Today's key competitive edge is two-fold: it includes both –intellectual property –the ability to develop and sustain relationships well To perform well in both of these aspects, you need –An ongoing stream of the latest information –Effective communications tools –A next generation infrastructure

4. LIDO 4 Broadband Drivers Increasing demand for information Shifting traffic patterns Growing network usage Rapid technology advances Unleashing of bandwidth Applications evolution Convergence forces

5. LIDO 5 Communications Traffic Trends For a decade, the Internet demonstrated tremendous growth rates. The average traffic is expected to range from 2Tbps to 3Tbps by 2008. The most important factor in the rate of traffic growth going forward is likely to be the growth of broadband subscribers.

6. LIDO 6 Shifting Traffic Patterns Shift to machine-to-machine communications. Smart devices have communication capabilities. Things that think and talk require network access and capacity. There will be thousands of such devices for each human, not to mention an enormous array of intelligent sensors monitoring each and every move of the environment, of humans, and of animals.

7. LIDO 7 Communications Backbone Trends Growth and changes in traffic necessitate changes in the network backbone. Pre-1995 Internet, backbone traffic was growing at a compound rate of about 6% to 10% per year. Post-1995, traffic had been increasing at a compound annual rate of more than 100%, slowing for the first time in 2005. Today the average amount of traffic on the Internet exceeds 1Tbps.

8. LIDO 8 Communications Backbone Trends ApplicationBackbone Bandwidth (Terabits per second)*** Online virtual reality1,000 Tbps to 10,000 Tbps 3-D holography30,000 Tbps to 70,000 Tbps Grid Computing50,000 Tbps to 200,000 Tbps Web agents50,000 Tbps to 200,000 Tbps ***1,000 Terabits per second = 1 Petabit per second

9. LIDO 9 Communications Bandwidth Trends Technology breakthroughs, particularly in optical systems, have had a profound impact on service providers and bandwidth cost. As a result of the current growth in bandwidth demand, additional capacity will be required. –The demand may be met by activating currently unlit wavelengths and fiber pairs, rather than new constuction On the other hand, new generations of high-speed optical muxes, cross-connects and switches, will require new generations of fiber optic cable.

10. LIDO 10 Communications Bandwidth Trends Tremendous growth is also occurring in the wireless realm. –Wireless capacity is increasing –The per-minute network costs are falling –Data is accounting for more and more of the wireless traffic High-speed wireless communications will be the prevailing approach to Web access and between components as well.

11. LIDO 11 Communications Bandwidth Trends What is the effect of broadband access on core network capacity requirements? Broadband access lines put incredible stress on the core network and will drive the demand for more bandwidth in the core. Upgrades have to occur in parallel in order to truly manifest the benefits of broadband networking end-to-end.

12. LIDO 12 The Broadband Economy Much of the economic growth of the late 1990s is attributed to productivity gains realized as a result of new communications and IT products. According to PriceWaterhouseCoopers, workers with broadband are 270% more productive than workers using dial-up.** The greater the productivity of a country, the stronger the economy. ** Source: “A National Imperative: Universal Availability of Broadband by 2010”, John Earnhardt, Cisco Government Affairs http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/ts_011502.html

13. LIDO 13 Communications Applications Trends Growth of new generations of business class services e-commerce, m-commerce Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Voice over IP, Fax over IP “Fee Quality” Voice (versus “free quality”) Voice/audio portals Unified messaging Multimedia collaboration Streaming media Content delivery Applications hosting Network caching Managed wavelength services Customer management IMPACT - Business class communications require guaranteed performance

14. LIDO 14 Communications Application Trends Transition from portables to wearables –watches with medical monitors & pagers –eyeglasses with embedded computer displays –belts & watches with embedded computers –rings with Universal Product Code (UPC) reader & display –badge based cellphones & pagers with Internet connections and tiny teleconferencing cameras –RFID tags everywhere! –Implants with healthcare, financial, security applications IMPACT - requires broadband wireless infrastructure and personal area networks (PANs)

15. LIDO 15 Communications Application Trends Evolution to new models of information processing & communications –Ubiquitous, or pervasive computing –Human information processing model –Multimodal & multisensual information flows –Visualization –Telepresence –Augmentation, neural interfaces –Virtuality IMPACT - requires tremendous bandwidth, low latency, guaranteed performance and wireless access

16. LIDO 16 Industries Benefiting from Broadband Applications Entertainment Education Healthcare Teleworking National Security and many many others……

17. LIDO 17 Broadband Applications Entertainment Broadband introduces consumers to a range of new entertainment technologies, including –high-definition video over the Internet –CD-quality Internet radio –file sharing to enable swapping of home videos and photographs –web-based delivery of movies and large software –sophisticated, realistic online games Broadband users are more likely than narrowband users to download music, listen to music online, watch video online, bank online, and trade stocks online.

18. LIDO 18 Broadband Applications Education Broadband applied to education enables –interactive multimedia learning –rich-media content delivery –on-line testing –sophisticated learning tools –wireless campuses –location and income independent education Result is that high-quality education can be brought to those in need, including those living in rural or remote locations, disadvantaged communities, and developing countries.

19. LIDO 19 Broadband Applications Healthcare Broadband Applications Healthcare Broadband in healthcare has tremendous value enabling leading doctors to treat patients in the most remote regions of the country helping to reduce costs and provide better services to even the most rural and remote locations allowing wireless networks to support online reporting and diagnostics, integrated with billing providing emergency services extend regular health care to homebound patients

20. LIDO 20 Broadband Applications Teleworking Key applications include –fast data access –enhanced communications –videoconferencing to remote locations Work more productively from remote locations Benefits include –reducing traffic congestion, and affecting the investment needed in reengineering the transportation grid –alleviating pollution –reducing dependence on foreign oil –improving quality of life –generating potentially enormous cost-savings to our society

21. LIDO 21 Broadband Applications National Security Broadband is vital to providing an effective national security system –Supports real-time interagency coordination, monitoring and mobilization –It is more resilient and reliable in the event of disruption. Supports teleworking, allowing communications and work to continue from remote locations in event of disruptions Vital to battlefield logistics, data tracking, and equipment maintenance

22. LIDO 22 Broadband Applications Additional Sectors Retail –Inventory, promotional, warehousing Field services –Inventory, diagnostics, repair, maintenance Transportation –Navigation, logistics, cargo management, virtual trips Mining –Remote telemetry, remote drilling Oil –Exploration, drilling, mapping The list is limited only by the imagination

23. LIDO 23 The Human is a Multimedia Information Processing System Visualization improves physical and intuitive understanding. More than 50% of a human's brain cells are devoted to processing visual information. The mind operates on sensations, physical cues, to interpret and create information for its own use. Auditory Visual Olfactory Tactile Kinetic Digital rich-media will increasingly depend on multimedia.

24. LIDO 24 Per User Bandwidth Requirements for New Services Email/Web (not optimum support) 56 Kbps Web is always-on utility, crude hosted apps, 15 sec video email 500 Kbps Hosted apps/reasonable videophone 5 Mbps Massive multiplayer/multimedia communities 10 Mbps Scalable NTSC/PAL-quality video 100 Mbps Digital video-on-demand 1 Gbps Innovation 10 Gbps

25. LIDO 25 Multimedia Networking Requirements Digital video and digital audio require –Minimal, predictable delays in packet transmission –Tight control over losses –Proper bandwidth allocation Conventional shared-bandwidth, connectionless packet networks do not support these requirements. As more people simultaneously access files from a server, bandwidth becomes a significant issue. –Correct timing, synchronization, and video picture quality are compromised if the bandwidth is not sufficient.

26. LIDO 26 Evolution of Digital TV One of the fascinating areas driving and motivating the need for broadband access is television. Despite major advances in computing, video, and communications technologies, TV continued to rely on standards that are more than 60 years old. These standards include –National Television Standards Committee (NTSC), used in North America and Japan –Phase Alternation Line (PAL), used throughout the majority of the world –Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM), used in France and French territories.

27. LIDO 27 Digital TV Advantages Digital TV (DTV) offers numerous advantages over the old analog TV signal. –It is nearly immune to interference and degradation. –It has the ability to display over 16,000, 000 colors –It can transmit more data and more types of data in the same amount of bandwidth With HDTV and digital sound combined, the end user benefits from –a better picture –better sound –additional digital data –a more engaging experience

28. LIDO 28 Multimedia and DTV Drivers The television industry, content, entertainment, and application worlds, will be increasingly important to how the local loop develops. This is driving the need for –more bandwidth to the home –more bandwidth in the home It is also driving the need to deliver programming and content on a mobile basis. –This is yet another argument for fixed mobile convergence (FMC).

29. LIDO 29 Video Applications & Bandwidth Digital television requirements –Digitized NTSC requires 166 Mbps –Digitized PAL requires 199 Mbps –HDTV requires 1.5 Gbps H.323 videoconferencing applications –require 384 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps. Streaming video requires –3 Mbps for low quality –5 Mbps for moderate –7 Mbps for high quality

30. LIDO 30 Video Applications & Bandwidth Content is an important driver behind broadband access. It is an era of new revenue-generating services enabled by personal digital manipulation. We will need heaps more bandwidth bandwidth into and in our homes to feed the new generations of televisions.

31. LIDO 31 Television vs Video Definition Television has been associated with the concept of delivery of someone else's programming on someone else's timetable, whether by broadcast, terrestrial or satellite, or cable networks. Video has been associated with the ability to record, edit, or view programming on demand, according to your own timetable and needs. Multimedia promises to expand the role of video- enabled communications, ultimately effecting a telecultural shift.

32. LIDO 32 Digital Video Measurements Pixels = resolution –the more pixels per screen, the greater, or better, the resolution Frame rate = smoothness of motion –The more frames per second, the smoother and more natural the movement Bits per Pixel = color depth –The more bits per pixel, the greater the range of colors that can be displayed

33. LIDO 33 Video Compression Basics To make the most of bandwidth, compression must be applied to video. –to fit into the precious spectrum allocated to television and wireless networks –to fit on most standard storage devices Moving Picture Experts Group (or MPEG) is in charge of developing standards for coded representation of digital audio and video.

34. LIDO 34 MPEG Compression The MPEG compression algorithm reduces redundant information in images. MPEG compression is asymmetric. Digital movies compressed using MPEG run faster and take up less space. Key MPEG standards include –MPEG-1 –MPEG-2 –MPEG-4 –MPEG 4 AVC –MPEG-7 –MPEG-21

35. LIDO 35 MPEG 1 MPEG-1 is a standard for storage and retrieval of moving pictures and audio on storage media. MPEG-1 is the standard on which such products as Video CD and MP3 are based. MPEG-1 addresses VHS-quality images with a –1.5Mbps data transfer rate –352 x 240 resolution (quarter screen) –30 frames per second (30fps).

36. LIDO 36 MPEG-2 MPEG-2 is –a widely implemented video compression scheme –supports both interlaced and progressive scan video streams MPEG-2 on DVD and DVB –supports resolutions of 720x480 and 1280x720 –at up to 30 fps –with full CD-quality audio. For MPEG-2 over ATSC –resolutions of 1920x1080 are also supported –at up to 60 fps

37. LIDO 37 MPEG-4 MPEG-4, a standard for multimedia applications MPEG-4 enables objects to be manipulated and made interactive through Web-like hyperlinks and/or multimedia triggers. MPEG-4 is intended to expand the scope of audio/visual content to include –simultaneous use of both stored and real-time components –distribution from and to multiple endpoints –the ability to reuse both content and processes

38. LIDO 38 MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 MPEG-4 Advanced Video Compression (or AVC), also called Part 10 or ITU H.264, is a digital video codec standard noted for achieving very high data compression. AVC contains a number of new features that –allow it to compress video much more effectively than older standards –make it applicable to a wide variety of network environments Typically achieves the same quality as MPEG-2, but at half the bit rate or less.

39. LIDO 39 MPEG-7 MPEG-7 is a multimedia content description standard for information searching. It is not an audio or video compression or encoding standard. It uses XML to store metadata and can be attached to timecodes in order to tag particular events, or, for example, to synchronize lyrics to a song.

40. LIDO 40 MPEG-21 MPEG-21 provides a framework for the all- electronic creation, production, delivery, and trade of content. The basic architectural concept in MPEG-21 is the “digital item”. Digital items are structured digital objects, and are a combination of –resources (i.e., videos, audio tracks, images) –metadata (such as MPEG-7 descriptors) –structure (description of the relationship between resources)

41. LIDO 41 MPEG Summary MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and MPEG-4 AVC (H.264) primarily deal with content coding MPEG-7 deals with providing descriptions of multimedia content MPEG-21 provides a framework for the all- electronic creation, production, delivery, and trade of content.

42. LIDO 42 MPEG Summary Faster compression techniques using fractal geometry and artificial intelligence are being developed and could theoretically achieve compression ratios of 2,500:1. This would enable full-screen, NTSC-quality video to be delivered over LANs, the PSTN, and wireless networks. Until better compression schemes are developed, we have standardized on MPEG-2.

43. LIDO 43 MPEG Summary MPEG-2 is an industry standard for digital video for DVDs and some satellite television services. However, MPEG-2 does have some recognized disadvantages. One problem with MPEG-2 is that it is a lossy compression method. This means that a higher compression rate results in a poorer picture. –There's some loss in picture quality between a digital video camera and what you see on your TV.

44. LIDO 44 Windows Media 9 Another important video compression technique is Windows Media 9 (or WM9). WM9 is based on the VC-1 video codec specification which provides for high-quality video for streaming and downloading. VC-1 decodes high-definition video –twice as fast as the H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC) standard –while offering two to three times better compression than MPEG-2

45. LIDO 45 Video Bandwidth and Broadband Access A 1.5Mbps connection over DSL or cable modem cannot come close to carrying a 20Mbps DTV signal. Broadband access alternatives will shift over time. –we will need more fiber –we will need that fiber closer to the home –we will need much more sophisticated compression techniques We will also need new generations of wireless –a combination of intelligent spectrum use and highly effective compression –support for the requisite variable QoS environment –strong security features

46. LIDO 46 Video Compression Trends Current MPEG-2 2006 MPEG- 4/VC-1 2007 MPEG- 4/VC-1 Enhancements 2009 MPEG- 4/VC-1 Improvements Standard Definition 2.5-3 Mbps 1.5-2 Mbps <1.5 Mbps<1.0 Mbps High Definition 15-19 Mbps 10-12 Mbps 8-10 Mbps<7 Mbps

47. LIDO 47 Video Applications & Delay Bit errors can be fatal –missing video elements, synchronization problems, or complete loss of picture Delay can wreak havoc with video traffic –delay, or latency, adds up with more switches and routers in the network While video can tolerate a small amount of delay, jitter causes distortion and unstable images. There should be as many priority queues as the network has QoS levels.

48. LIDO 48 Television – A Brief History In 1945, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (or FCC) allocated 13 basic VHF television channels –thus standardizing the frequencies and allocating a broadcast bandwidth of 4.5MHz The NTSC was formed in 1948 to define a national standard for the broadcast signal itself. The standard for black-and-white television was set in 1953 and ratified by the EIA as the RS-170 specification. Full-time network color broadcasting was introduced in 1964, with an episode of Bonanza.

49. LIDO 49 National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) NTSC defines a 4:3 aspect ratio. An NTSC color picture with sound occupies 6MHz of frequency spectrum. To transmit this signal digitally without compression requires about 160Mbps.

50. LIDO 50 Phase Alternation Line (PAL) PAL defines a 4:3 aspect ratio. An PAL color picture with sound occupies 8MHz of frequency spectrum. To transmit this signal digitally without compression requires about 200Mbps.

51. LIDO 51 Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire (SECAM) Also referred to as Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire SECAM defines a 4:3 aspect ratio. A SECAM color picture with sound occupies 8MHz of frequency spectrum. There are many variations of the SECAM standard as well.

52. LIDO 52 Digital Television (DTV) Digital TV (or DTV) represents the ongoing convergence of broadcasting and computing. DTV makes use of digital modulation and compression to broadcast audio, data, and video signals to TV sets. The difference between analog TV and DTV is profound in terms of picture quality as well as special screen effects, such as multiple-windowed pictures and interactive viewer options. The quality of DTV is almost six times better than what analog TV offers, delivering up to 1,080 lines of resolution and CD-quality sound.

53. LIDO 53 Digital TV The real promise of DTV lies in its huge capacity, and the ability to deliver information equivalent to that held on dozens of CDs. Television is a critical aspect of convergence – on all fronts. - devices - applications - fixed networks - wireless networks - service providers.

54. LIDO 54 DTV Characteristics One main application of DTV is to carry more channels in the same amount of bandwidth –either 6MHz or 8MHz, depending on the standard in use The other key application is to carry high-definition programming, known as HDTV. Many common analog broadcasting artifacts can be eliminated. However, digital signals can also suffer from artifacts. While analog TV may produce an impaired picture it is still viewable, whereas DTV may not work at all in the same situation.

55. LIDO 55 TV Aspect Ratios 4:3 Aspect Ratio16:9 Aspect Ratio

56. LIDO 56 Resolution and Pixels Besides a wider screen, an HDTV picture has more detail and crisper images. TV images are made up of pixels, each of which is a tiny sample of video information. Each pixel is composed of three close dots of color: red, green, and blue. On a standard TV screen each pixel has a spectral range of about 16.8 million colors.

57. LIDO 57 Pixels and DTV HDTV uses smaller pixels. HDTV has 4.5 pixels in the area taken up by a single pixel on standard NTSC TVs. The maximum resolution of an NTSC TV is a display that is –720 pixels wide by 486 active lines –total of 349,920 pixels. A high-end HDTV display is –1,920 pixels wide by 1,080 active lines –Total of 2,073,600 pixels - six times more pixels than the older NTSC resolution!

58. LIDO 58 DTV and Audio DTV improves the visual experience and sound quality. HDTV broadcasts sound by using the dolby digital/AC-3 audio encoding system. It can include up to 5.1 channels of sound –3 in front (left, center, and right) –2 in back (left and right) –and a subwoofer bass for a sound you can feel (the.1 channel). Sound on DTV is CD quality.

59. LIDO 59 DTV and Service Bundles Service providers are increasingly interested in providing service bundles. Triple play is a strategy that involves the delivery of voice, data, and video. Quadruple play is a strategy that involves voice, data, video, and wireless or mobile. The possible implementations of DTV include terrestrial DTV, satellite DTV, cable DTV, and IPTV.

60. LIDO 60 Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) A number of countries are in the process of deploying digital terrestrial television (DTT), which offers a number of advantages to various parties. –Governments Stand to make money as well as propel the country forward –Broadcasters Are enabled to fight growing competition from many sources –Manufacturers Benefit from new equipment sales –Consumers Look forward to exciting new programming

61. LIDO 61 DTV and Service Providers In the satellite TV market, DTV is largely used to multiplex large numbers of channels, including pay TV, onto the available bandwidth. For cable TV providers, the main advantage is increased value and subsequently revenues. –Depending on the choices an operator makes in hardware and software, features such as TV guides, program reminders, content censorship, interactive Web- style content viewing, gaming, voting, and on-demand services such as VOD can add significantly more value and ultimately revenues.

62. LIDO 62 DTV and Service Providers The Internet is starting to be adapted for use with DTV deployments as part of the triple or quadruple play. –IPTV represents a big step forward as a new approach to distributing television programming. Telcos of all sorts, far and wide, are helping to lead the way into the video space. –Combined with voice and data services, telco TV is expected to become serious business. –Some analysts suggest that telcos' success will hinge on video, which means there are many challenges ahead for telcos.

63. LIDO 63 DTV and Service Providers HDTV is the compelling device at retailers and the roadmap to the future, with IP driving it. Key issues need attention, including the integration of billing support systems and operational support systems. New compression technologies and a new generation of set-top boxes will make a big difference. The transformation is under way, but telcos must have the right software, content streams, and security provisions, and that will take a while.

64. LIDO 64 Mobile TV Mobile TV constitutes another new and fascinating approach to distributing television programming and entertainment content. Set-top boxes are not only becoming more intelligent, they will also interact with other devices. It is important to keep in mind that not everyone feels joyful about watching TV on a tiny little screen. Some feel the mobile phone is the most exciting software platform in history. As a result, the simple mobile phone is morphing into a futuristic entertainment system and the most exciting new technology platform since the Internet.

65. LIDO 65 Digital TV Standards Initially, an attempt was made to prevent the fragmentation of the global DTV market into different standards. However, as usually seems to be the case, the world could not reach agreement on one standard, and as a result, there are several major standards in existence today. These standards fall into two categories –fixed reception –mobile reception

66. LIDO 66 Digital Broadcasting Standards Fixed-reception digital broadcasting standards include –The U.S. Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) –The European DVB-Terrestrial (DVB-T) –The Japanese Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB) –The Korean terrestrial Digital Media Broadcasting (T-DMB) The most widely adopted standard worldwide is DVB-T, with most countries having adopted it. Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea have followed the U.S. in adopting ATSC.

67. LIDO 67 Digital Broadcasting Standards Digital Multimedia Broadcasting-Terrestrial (or DMB-T) is the youngest major broadcast standard and provides the best reception quality for the power required. The DMB standard is derived from the Digital Audio Broadcast (or DAB) standard that enjoys wide use in Europe for radio broadcasts. DAB and DVB-T are the preferred Chinese standards.

68. LIDO 68 Digital Broadcasting Standards T-DMB is currently used in Korea and Germany, and trials are underway in France, Indonesia, and Norway. A related Korean standard, S-DMB exists for satellite television services, allowing for TV reception over larger areas than can be served with T-DMB. One such format being proposed by NHK of Japan is Ultra High Definition Video (UHDV). UHDV provides a resolution that is 16 times greater than that of HDTV.

69. LIDO 69 Digital Broadcasting Standards As far as mobile standards go, DVB-Handheld (DVB-H) is the selected standard in Europe, India, Australia, and southeast Asia. North America also uses DVB-H, as well as the MediaFlo standard proposed by Qualcomm. MediaFlo, used only in North America at this time, supports relatively fast channel switching and uses its own broadcast towers as well as available bandwidth in the cellular network.

70. LIDO 70 Digital Broadcasting Standards Japan is adopting the ISDB-T Mobile Segment standard. Korea is embracing T-DMB. China may follow DVB-H or something else, and for the time being, it is unknown which standard South America and Africa will follow. The mobile broadcast market is nascent, and many developments are in store before a winner emerges in this arena.

71. LIDO 71 Digital Broadcasting Standards As far as the broadband evolution goes, the importance of entertainment content and DTV is significant. One of the biggest issues in TV standards involves how DTV images are drawn to the screen. There are two perspectives –the broadcast TV world - interlacing –the computer environment – progressive scanning

72. LIDO 72 Interlacing Technique Interlacing is a technique cameras use to take two snapshots of a scene within a frame time. –During the first scan, the camera creates one field of video, containing even-numbered lines –During the second scan, it creates another field of video, containing the odd-numbered lines The fields are transmitted sequentially, and the receiver reassembles them. This technique makes for reduced flicker and therefore greater brightness on the TV receiver for the given frame rate (and bandwidth). Interlacing is rough on small text, but moving images look fine.

73. LIDO 73 Progressive Scanning Progressive scanning is a method for displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images in which the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence. There are a number of advantages associated with progressive scaning, such as a subjective perception of an increased vertical resolution. Additional benefits include the absence of flickering of narrow horizontal patterns, easier compression, and simpler video processing equipment.

74. LIDO 74 ATSC Standards The ATSC, an international, nonprofit organization, develops voluntary standards for DTV. The ATSC's DTV standards include high-definition TV (or HDTV), enhanced-definition TV (or EDTV), standard definition TV (or SDTV), data broadcasting, multichannel surround-sound audio, direct-to-home satellite broadcast, and interactive television. The ATSC DTV standard has since been adopted by the governments of Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and South Korea.

75. LIDO 75 ATSC Standards The ATSC high-definition standard includes three basic formats: HDTV, EDTV, and SDTV. Digital TVs often have a 16:9 widescreen format and can display progressive-scan content. Each of these formats is defined by –the number of lines per video frame –the number of pixels per line –the aspect ratio, –the frame repetition rate –the frame structure (that is, interlaced scan or progressive scan)

76. LIDO 76 ATSC Standards ATSC signals are designed to work on the same bandwidth as NTSC or PAL channels, that is 6 MHz for NTSC and 8 MHz for PAL. The video signals are compressed using MPEG-2. The modulation technique varies, depending on the transmission method. In the case of terrestrial broadcasters, the technique used is Vestigial Sideband 8 (or VSB 8). Because cable TV operators usually have a higher signal-to-noise ratio (or SNR), they can use 16-VSB or 256-QAM.

77. LIDO 77 ATSC Standards ATSC requires about half of the power for the same reception quality, in absence of errors, as the more widely used DVB-T standard, but it is more susceptible to errors. One recognized limitation with ATSC is that unlike DVB-T and ISDB-T, ATSC cannot be adapted to changes in propagation conditions. However, despite ATSC's fixed transmission mode, under normal conditions, it is still a very robust waveform.

78. LIDO 78 DVB Standards Digital Video Broadcasting (or DVB) is a suite of internationally accepted, open standards for DTV maintained by the DVB Project. Formed in 1993, the DVB Project is responsible for designing global standards for the global delivery of DTV and data services. DVB standards are very similar to ATSC standards—including MPEG-2 video compression, packetized transport, and guidelines for a 1,920 x 1,080 HDTV format—but they provide for different audio compression and transmission schemes.

79. LIDO 79 DVB Standards DVB embraces four main standards that define the physical and data link layers of a distribution system. –DVB-S and DVB-S2 –DVB-C –DVB-T –DVB-H DVB-S is an open standard for digital video broadcast over satellites, defined by ETSI and ratified in 1994. –DVB-S supports only MPEG-2 encoded video streams.

80. LIDO 80 DVB Standards DVB-S2 is also an open standard for digital video broadcast over satellites, defined by ETSI and ratified in 2005. –DVB-S2 has improved quality over DVB-S and allows for coded video in H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC) or VC-1 bitstreams. DVB-C is an open standard for digital video transmission over cable that was defined by ETSI and ratified in 1994. DVB-T, an open standard defined by ETSI and ratified in 1997, is used as the de facto standard for terrestrial TV broadcasts in many nations. –It supports only MPEG-2 compression.

81. LIDO 81 DVB Standards The DVB-H standard is an adaptation of terrestrial DVB that is optimized for mobile handheld devices. These four distribution systems vary in their modulation schemes. DVB-T and DVB-H use Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (or COFDM) DVB-S uses Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) DVB-C uses QAM, especially 64-QAM.

82. LIDO 82 DVB-MHP The DVB Project has also designed an open middleware system for DTV, called the DVB- Multimedia Home Platform (or MHP). MHP enables the reception and execution of interactive, Java-based applications on a TV set, including applications such as e-mail, SMS, information services, shopping, and games. In the United States, CableLabs has specified its own middleware system called OpenCable Applications Platform (OCAP), which is based on MHP.

83. LIDO 83 ISDB Standards ISDB is the DTV and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) format that Japan has created to allow radio and television stations there to convert to digital. ISDB incorporates five standards –ISDB-S for digital satellite TV –ISDB-T and ISDB-Tsb for digital terrestrial TV –ISDB-C for digital cable TV –2.6 GHz band for mobile broadcasting All these standards are based on MPEG-2 video and audio coding and are capable of HDTV.

84. LIDO 84 ISDB Standards ARIB developed the ISDB-S standards to meet a number of requirements, including HDTV capability, interactive services, network access, and effective frequency utilization. ISDB-S allows 51Mbps to be transmitted through a single transponder, making it 1.5 times more efficient than DVB-S, which can only handle a bitstream of approximately 34Mbps. The ISDB-S system can carry two HDTV channels using one transponder, along with other independent audio and data.

85. LIDO 85 ISDB Standards ISDB-T specifies OFDM transmission with one of four modulation schemes: QPSK, DQPSK, 16- QAM, or 64-QAM. –With ISDB-T, an audio program and TV for both fixed and mobile reception can be carried in the same multiplex. –ISDB-T can support HDTV on moving vehicles at over 100kph, and it can be received on mobile phones moving at over 400kph. ISDB-Tsb refers to the terrestrial digital sound broadcasting specification and is the same technical specification as ISDB-T. –ISDB-Tsb can also be used for mobile reception.

86. LIDO 86 ISDB Standards ISDB-C is the cable digital broadcasting specification. ISDB-C supports terrestrial digital broadcasting services over cable using the OFDM scheme with a 6MHz channel. –It employs 64-QAM modulation. The mobile broadcasting 2.6GHz band uses Code Division Multiplexing (or CDM).

87. LIDO 87 DMB Standards Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (or DMB) is a new concept in multimedia mobile broadcasting service, converging broadcasting and telecommunications. It is a digital transmission system for sending data, radio, and TV to mobile devices such as mobile phones. DMB is likely to change the way broadcast media is consumed, creating a new cultural trend. The move to DMB started in Korea.

88. LIDO 88 DMB Standards DMB is designed to broadcast TV and video to mobile devices, and in conjunction with existing DAB services, also both audio and data. DMB can be integrated wherever there is already a DAB infrastructure. The Korean domestic Satellite-DMB (or S-DMB) system, which operates via satellite facilities, is an ITU-T standard. With S-DMB, signals transmitted by a satellite directly can be received by subscribers on most areas on the ground.

89. LIDO 89 S-DMB Standards Satellite DMB Center Program Provider Gap Filler Base Stations Ku-band 12.214 GHz to 12.239 GHz Ku-band 13.824 GHz to 13.883 GHz Vehicular Device DMB-S Receiver Mobile Phone w/DMB-S Receiver S-band 2.630 to 2.665 GHz

90. LIDO 90 DMB Objectives The DMB industry is focusing on core technologies that are essential for next-generation broadcasting, such as intelligent broadcasting, telecom, and broadcasting convergent services and interactive DMB services. DMB will not only provide high-definition services but also intelligent, personalized, realistic, and paid services in addition to those converged with telecommunications.

91. LIDO 91 The Broadband Infrastructure Data traffic is equal to or surpassing voice as the most mission-critical aspect of the network. The undeniable appeal of interactive multimedia signals the need for a convergent infrastructure that offers minimum latencies. More human users, more machine users, and more broadband access are all contributing to the additional traffic. Established carriers and new startups are deploying huge amounts of fiber-optic cable and broadband wireless systems.

92. LIDO 92 The Broadband Infrastructure This new era of abundant capacity stimulates development and growth of bandwidth-hungry applications and demands service qualities that can allow control of parameters such as delay, jitter, loss ratio, and throughput. Bandwidth-intensive applications are much more cost-effective when the network provides just-in- time bandwidth management options. Next-generation networks will provide competitive rates due to lower construction outlays and operating costs.

93. LIDO 93 Broadband Service Requirements High speed, high bandwidth – measured in Tbps Bandwidth on demand Bandwidth reservation Isochronous support – timebounded information Agnostic platforms – multiprotocol, multipurpose Unicasting – streams from a single origination point directly to a destination point Multicasting – streams from a single origination point to multiple destination points Variable Quality of Service parameters Guaranteed service levels

94. LIDO 94 Broadband Service Requirements A number of developments have been key to allowing us to deliver on this set of requirements. One important area is photonics and optical networking. –Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) –Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), and Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) –new generations of high-performance fiber –reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) –optical cross-connects –optical switches and routers –optical probes and network management devices

95. LIDO 95 Broadband Service Requirements A number of broadband access technologies, both wireline and wireless, have been developed to facilitate next-generation networking. The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), multiservice core, edge, and access platforms, multiservice provisioning platforms (MSPPs), and the MPLS architecture, are all vital aspects of the next generation network.

96. LIDO 96 Next Generation Networks A next-generation network is –a high-speed packet- or cell-based network –that is capable of transporting and routing a multitude of services –including voice, data, video, and multimedia It is a common platform for applications and services that is accessible to the customer across the entire network as well as outside the network.

97. LIDO 97 Next Generation Networks NGNs are designed for multimedia communications, which implies broadband low latencies quality of service guarantees Worldwide infrastructure consists of fast packet switching optical networking multiservice core, intelligent edge next generation telephony video & multimedia elements broadband access technologies wireless broadband technologies

98. LIDO 98 Next Generation Networks Next-generation networks stand to change how carriers provision applications and services and how customers access them. End-user service delivery from a single platform provides many benefits –It decreases time to market –It simplifies the process of moves, adds, and changes –It provides a unique connection point for service provisioning and billing.

99. LIDO 99 Next Generation Networks Next-generation networks must be able to support the most up-to-date transport and switching standards. They must also support advanced traffic management, including –full configuration –provisioning –network monitoring –fault management capabilities In a next-generation network, it is important to be able to prioritize traffic and to provide dynamic bandwidth allocation for voice, data, and video services.

100. LIDO 100 NGNs and Convergence One of the central themes in next-generation networks is the notion of convergence. Convergence is actually occurring in a number of different areas. The concept behind convergence varies depending on whether you're a service provider, an equipment manufacturer, or an applications developer. In the end they all focus on one thing: bringing together voice, data, and video to be happily married at the network level, at the systems level, at the applications level, and at the device level.

101. LIDO 101 Convergence in Transport Convergence in transport refers to voice, data, and video traffic all sharing a common packet-based network, generally based on IP at present. From the standpoint of a service provider, convergence has to do with having one common infrastructure, rather than each technology requiring its own separate platform.

102. LIDO 102 Convergence in Systems To equipment manufacturers system convergence means creating systems that allow voice, data, and video traffic to all be commonly served through one device. In the context of next-generation network infrastructures, this most commonly refers to the use of softswitches, also known as call servers. From the standpoint of an enterprise network, this can also involve the use of IP PBXs at the customer premise or a service provider making IP centrex available to the enterprise.

103. LIDO 103 Convergence in Applications In the realm of applications, convergence refers to the integration of voice, data, and video at the desktop, mobile device, or in servers. Examples of this might include –integrated messaging –instant messaging –presence management –real-time rich media e-learning and training products, –multimedia sales presentations, and a variety of interactive programs, such as video games

104. LIDO 104 Convergence - The Argument Cost reductions –The price of delivering a packet on the backbone has been dropping 45-50% per year. –VoIP toll bypass saves money on international calls. Improved user and ICT staff productivity Easier administration

105. LIDO 105 Convergence - The Argument The real value is in the applications –There are many synergies between converged transport, IP telephony, and converged applications. –As IM/presence merges with IP telephony, IP telephony becomes just another converged application. –IM/presence applications which integrate voice, data and video require converged transport

106. LIDO 106 Convergence and Regulatory Issues A converged network, based on IP, has a powerful impact on regulatory models. Regulation has historically been different for voice, broadcast, cable, etc. Current regulations are based on service –Offer telephone service, telephone regulations apply –Offer TV service, cable TV regulations apply IP breaks the vertical model traditionally used in regulation –How do you regulate with a converged network Introduces the consideration of a horizontal model –Regulations would be applied to layers

107. LIDO 107 Converging Public Infrastructures The PSTN and the Internet are on the path to convergence. There has been a steady, albeit slow, migration to packet-based networks –There are many networks running converged voice, data and video over a common WAN infrastructure. Meanwhile, new developments stand to alter the path of migration for all concerned. –The optical era A new generation of networks are emerging.

108. LIDO 108 Converging Public Infrastructures PSTN - VoiceInternet - Data High-speed Multimedia Communications Quality of Service ATM/MPLSIntServ/DiffServ/MPLS IP + Optical GMPLS

109. LIDO 109 Traditional Service Provider Environment Voice is regulated, data is not. Network optimized for voice. Controlling latency is easy; providing bandwidth is harder. Bandwidth is at a premium. Dynamically sharing the same bandwidth for voice, data and video requires some type of QoS. All carriers (and some enterprises) desire measured use for network chargeback. Carriers need their own facilities to maintain control. Traditional carriers’ view - transport is their business.

110. LIDO 110 Traditional Enterprise Environment Main goal of enterprise networks is to link sites. Network staff is divorced from website developers. The network is managed as a cost center. The network architecture consists of separate voice and data networks. High availability in data networks is important, but it is more important for voice. Network optimization is supported by predictable traffic, predictable service providers and predictable rates/tariffs. Private networks are the preferred network infrastructure.

111. LIDO 111 Contemporary Enterprise Environment Extranet communications considered as important as the enterprise intranet. Networking staff works with website hosting/operation and e-commerce linkages. The objective of network management is to manage the network as an application-enabling infrastructure. Network architecture consists of converged voice/data applications and transport.

112. LIDO 112 Contemporary Enterprise Environment Data network availability is considered more important than voice. Network optimization is difficult due to unpredictable traffic, changing service providers and changing pricing. Public networks and outsourcing are the preferred network infrastructure.

113. LIDO 113 Contemporary Service Provider Environment Regulatory changes required - in a converged network, voice, data and video are all just bits. Future revenues will not come from voice, voice will move to wireless, and may become “free”. The new network is optimized for IP traffic. Providing bandwidth is easy, ensuring low latency is not. Optical bandwidth drives down the cost, and price, of long-haul WAN transport.

114. LIDO 114 Contemporary Service Provider Environment Lots of bandwidth beats the complexity of QoS-based service levels. Usage-based chargeback is replaced by multiple flat- rate service levels. The new environment consists of extensive wholesaling and reselling of other carrier facilities. New Service Providers don’t want to be just a transport business.

115. LIDO 115 Network Commonality in Service Environments Growing commonality between Service Provider and Enterprise network infrastructures Growing commonality between Service Provider hosting sites and Enterprise data centers Both taking advantage of dark fiber, wavelength services, and coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) Both emphasize user service level management, accounting, and rapid deployment IP and Ethernet becoming more pervasive in both worlds

116. LIDO 116 NGN Origins The vision of Next Generation Networks was born over 20 years ago within the Internet community. The NGN we know today was defined by the emergence and growth of packet switching networks, interconnected via gateways (routers). The original Internet vision assumed –connectionless datagram transport –best-effort packet delivery –separation of service creation from transport Today, service providers need infrastructures capable of supporting multimedia and real-time content services.

117. LIDO 117 Migration to NGNs The challenge today for telecom providers, both wireline and wireless, involves –the seamless migration of the circuit-switched voice services onto an IP-based backbone –while retaining all the traditional and important capabilities of the PSTN There is a need for –an IP telephony infrastructure –access to the voice network features and capabilities users have grown accustomed to –particularly those features required by law

118. LIDO 118 NGN and Service Providers In response to the new reality, carriers, with the participation of vendors and governments, are working with an ITU Study Group on developing their own interpretation of the Next Generation Network. The main purpose of these efforts is to ensure the integration and interoperability of IP networks with the PSTN and mobile networks. Almost all providers now recognize the main goal is to evolve their infrastructures to support multimedia and content delivery services.

119. LIDO 119 NGN According to the ITU The ITU definition of a Next Generation Network defines –a packet-based network –the ability to provide telecommunication services and make use of multiple broadband, QOS-enabled transport technologies –an environment where service-related functions are independent from underlying transport-related technologies. It supports generalized mobility, which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provisioning of services to users.

120. LIDO 120 NGN According to the ITU The ITU NGN looks to support much more than simple voice communications, and includes services such as –Presence and instant messaging –Push-to-talk –Voice mail –Video –Other multimedia applications Realtime and streaming modes

121. LIDO 121 NGN and The Politics There are many industry observers that believe the ITU NGN effort is an attempt for the ITU to take back control of the Internet. There are equally strong views by carriers and governments that the Internet is not working well. This also suggests a highly controlled world, one many of us may not feel comfortable in. There are arguments for both sides of the issue.

122. LIDO 122 NGN Service Provider Benefits Benefits for carriers choosing to implement a NGN-based infrastructure include –Recovering control –QoS network features –Ability to provide preferential treatment to their own multimedia services –Opportunity to create walled gardens –Reduction of competition

123. LIDO 123 NGN - Key Infrastructure Elements IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Three-tiered broadband architecture Multiservice core and edge Quality of Service MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) architecture

124. LIDO 124 Next Generation Networks From an architectural standpoint, the ITU’s NGN relies heavily on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) framework. –IMS was originally developed by 3GPP for 3G/UMTS networks –The 3GPP2 standards body is working on similar standards for CDMA networks IMS has now been extended to cover wireline networks as well.

125. LIDO 125 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) IMS is a service infrastructure that relies on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to establish and maintain call control. IMS is an internationally recognized standard that defines a generic architecture for offering VoIP and other multimedia services in wireline and wireless applications. By adopting SIP as the signaling protocol, service providers have a standard that works well for both voice and data.

126. LIDO 126 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) IMS allows carriers to build a single and common IP service infrastructure that is independent of the access method. The IMS architecture offers a number of benefits –enhanced person-to-person communications –improved interaction between media streams –improved service mobility –the ability of third-party developers and vendors to easily create and integrate new solutions through well-defined APIs and standards.

127. LIDO 127 IMS Applications IMS applications include –voice telephony –video telephony –multimedia streaming –HTTP and TCP/IP browsing –instant messaging –file sharing –Gaming –push-to-talk/push-to-media –presence-based services

128. LIDO 128 IMS Principles Four basic principles are associated with IMS –access independence –different network architectures –terminal and user mobility –extensive IP-based services. Gateways are used to accommodate older systems such as circuit-switched telephone networks and GSM cellular systems. IMS allows service providers and carriers to employ a variety of underlying network architectures.

129. LIDO 129 IMS Protocols IMS creates a telephony-oriented signaling network that overlays an underlying IP network. IMS utilizes Session Initiation Protocol (or SIP), with specific extensions for IMS. An IMS network comprises many SIP proxy servers that mediate all customer/user connections and access to network resources. The aim of SIP is to provide the same functionality as the traditional PSTN, but because of their end-to- end design, SIP networks are much more powerful and open to the implementation of new services.

130. LIDO 130 IMS Protocols Although IMS is SIP based, it includes enhancements and exceptions to the SIP specification, particularly for registration, authentication, and session policy. IMS uses DIAMETER rather than RADIUS for authentication, taking advantage of DIAMETER's additional support for charging and billing functions, such as prepaid calling services. IMS also utilizes the Common Open Policy Services (COPS) protocol for mobile operators to enforce security and QoS policies across network elements.

131. LIDO 131 IMS Protocols IMS initially required the use of IPv6, but given the number of transport networks using IPv4, this requirement has been relaxed. IMS terminal devices are centrally and tightly controlled. IMS assumes that each user is associated with a home network, and it supports the concept of roaming across other wired or wireless networks. IMS also includes a policy engine and an authentication, authorization, and accounting (or AAA) server for operator control and security.

132. LIDO 132 IMS Layers Transport Layer Control Layer Session Layer Call Session Control Function PSTN, Internet, IP, Radio Networks Application Servers Transport Network

133. LIDO 133 MGW IMS Architecture Application Servers SCIM MRFCS-CSCF I-CSCF P-CSCF PDF BGCF MGCF HSS, SLF HLR MRFP MGW PSTN Internet IP, MPLS Radio Area Networks Narrowband and Broadband Access Transport and Access Layer Control Layer Application and Service Layer

134. LIDO 134 IMS Standards The base IMS functionality was first defined in the 3GPP Release 5 (or R5) standards and was optimized for use by GSM UMTS wireless networks. The second phase of IMS standards development ended with the publication of 3GPP R6 standards. –R6 adds support for SIP forking and multiway conferencing and the group management capabilities necessary for instant messaging and presence services. –R6 also allows for interoperability between the IMS variant of SIP and the IETF SIP standard, and adds interworking with WLANs. 3GPP Release 7 (or R7) adds support for fixed networks.

135. LIDO 135 NGN Architecture In today's environment –time-division and statistical multiplexers gather customer traffic for additional circuit-based aggregation through a stable hierarchy of switching offices –overlay networks, such as X.25, Frame Relay, ATM, and the Internet have created the need to internetwork services –cable, DSL, fiber, and wireless access options brought their own high-density access aggregation devices into the picture In the core, SDH/SONET transport has been layered over DWDM, adding capacity and producing a variety of vendor-specific switching, routing, and management options.

136. LIDO 136 SDH/Sonet Ring Today’s Networks Dial Modem DSL Modem RAC DAC PSTN MUX ADM MUX HFC Plant Cable Modem DAC CMTS Core Switch DSLAM DAC Ethernet/ATM/IP Switch Private Line Class 5 Switch ATM / Frame Relay Switch DAC END OFFICETANDEMEDGE NETWORK Edge Transport CORE OC- 192 DWDM Core Router Router/Switch

137. LIDO 137 Today’s Network SDH/Sonet Ring ADM Edge Transport OC- 192 DWDM Frame Relay ATM IP Frame Relay Edge Switch ATM Edge Switch IP Edge Router Core Switch END OFFICETANDEM EDGE NETWORK CORE Core Router

138. LIDO 138 Today’s Networks By building overlay networks and separating access (edge) and transport (core) functions, carriers manage to add capacity and new services without disrupting existing services. The downside is that new services rarely use the same provisioning, management and troubleshooting systems as the old network. These operations and management costs can amount to as much as 50% of the carrier’s total cost to provide a service.

139. LIDO 139 Three-Tiered Multiservice Network Access switches –Outer tier – delivers broadband to customer –Associated with single user access Edge switches –Second tier – protocol and data service integration concentrate traffic and prepare it for backbone voice/data gateways (circuit--to-packet network integration) provide policy-based services management Core switches –Inner tier – handles transmission of ATM, IP or MPLS traffic.

140. LIDO 140 Multi Service Network Access Node Voice and ISDN Network Voice PBX LAN IAD Enterprise Network ISP Network Router-based IP network Frame Relay Network Satellite Network Mobile Network Intelligent Network AIN, SS7 Multiservice Edge Multiservice Edge Multiservice Edge Multiservice Edge ATM /IP/MPLS Optical Core Backbone ATM Switching IP Switching ATM Switching Media Server Farm FTTx HFC DSL Wireless

141. LIDO 141 Complexities With Single Purpose Boxes CircuitEmulation IP IP IP ATMVoice SNA Voice Over IP FrameRelay Access Concentrator FRAD Access Routers Frame Relay Switch LANSwitch ATMSwitch ATM ATM

142. LIDO 142 Simplicity With Multi-Purpose Switches IP Circuit Emulation Voice Over Frame Relay ATM Voice Over IP Frame Relay SNA Voice Over ATM WANEdgeSwitch OC-3 to OC-48c

143. LIDO 143 Network Core Serves The Edges IP Frame Relay SNA Frame Relay SNA IP IP and ATM

144. LIDO 144 Quality of Service Ability to provide different levels of service to differently characterized traffic or traffic flows Basis for offering various classes of service to different segments of end users This allows the creation of different pricing tiers that correspond to the QoS level Needed to deploy voice or video services with data QoS definitions include –network bandwidth –user priority control –controlling packet/cell loss –controlling network traffic transit delay (end-to-end) –controlling network traffic delay variation (jitter)

145. LIDO 145 What is MPLS? MPLS is a general purpose tunneling mechanism –Can carry IP and non-IP payloads –Uses label switching to forward packets/cells thru the network –Can operate over any data-link layer MPLS separates the control plane from the forwarding plane –Enables the IP control plane to run on devices that cannot understand IP or recognize packet boundaries

146. LIDO 146 What is MPLS? “MP” means it is multiprotocol. –MPLS is an encapsulating protocol, it can transport a multitude of other protocols. “LS” indicates that the protocols being transported are encapsulated with a label that is swapped at each hop. –The labels are of local significance only – they must change as packets follow a path – hence the “switching” part of MPLS.

147. LIDO 147 IP vs MPLS Since IP is a connectionless protocol, it cannot guarantee that network resources will be available. Additionally, IP sends all traffic between the same two points over the same route. Without explicit control over route assignments, the provider has no way to steer excess traffic over less busy routes. One key difference between MPLS and IP is that packets sent between two end points can take different paths, based on different MPLS labels.

148. LIDO 148 How MPLS Works MPLS is connection-oriented and makes use of Label Switched Paths (LSPs). MPLS tags or adds a label to IP packets so they can be steered over the Internet along predefined routes. MPLS also adds a label identifying the type of traffic, path and destination. This allows routers to assign explicit paths to various classes of traffic.

149. LIDO 149 How MPLS Works Label Switch Router (LSR) Node 1 Label Switch Router (LSR) Node 2 VCI = Virtual Channel Identifier VPI = Virtual Path Identifier MPLS Tunnel Label Switched Path (LSP) H HLHL IP Packet Packet Header MPLS Label (i.e. VCI/VPI) Label Attached and Packet Forwarded Label Read and Packet Forwarded VPN specific LSP MPLS Tunnel LSP

150. LIDO 150 How MPLS Works Edge Label Switching Router Ingress edge LSR receives a packet, performs layer-3 value-added services, and labels the packets LDP LSP Core LSR switches the packet using label swapping Egress edge LSR removes the label and delivers the packet Edge Label Switching Router LDP LDP establishes label-to-destination network mappings

151. LIDO 151 How MPLS Works MPLS can switch a frame from any kind of Layer 2 link to any other kind of Layer 2 link, without depending on any particular control protocol. MPLS supports several types of label formats. –On ATM hardware, it uses the well-defined Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) and Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) labels. –On Frame Relay hardware, it uses a Data-Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) label. –Elsewhere, MPLS uses a generic label, known as a shim, which sits between Layers 2 and 3.

152. LIDO 152 MPLS Label Stacking Another powerful attribute of MPLS is Label Stacking. Label stacking allows LSRs (label switched router) to insert an additional label at the front of each labeled packet, creating an encapsulated tunnel that can be shared by multiple LSPs (label switched paths). At the end of the tunnel, another LSR pops the label stack, revealing the inner label. An optimization in which the next-to-last LSR peels off the outer label is known in IETF documents as “penultimate hop popping”.

153. LIDO 153 MPLS Stacks LER Tunnel LSP MPLS Backbone Tunnel LSP ATM/FR Ethernet IP/PPP ATM/FR VLL Ethernet VLL IP VLL Single tunnel LSP between edge routers carries many services The PE routers map ports to MPLS labels to create Virtual Leased Lines

154. LIDO 154 MPLS Summary MPLS adds two important elements to IP –Virtual circuits Referred to as a Label Switched Path (LSP) –Eliminates the need for encryption and a secure tunnel –Provides security similar to that found in Frame Relay –Capacity reservation Enables the support of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) –Typical parameters include Packet loss of < 1% Round trip delay of < 55 to 70 msec

155. LIDO 155 MPLS Summary Constraint-based routing is superior to IP, basing routing decisions on more than just a shortest path calculation. Best way for service providers to provision VPNs that meet customer service quality metrics. Permits ISPs to scale their networks and meet traffic engineering requirements without having to resort to ATM PVC overlay networks.

156. LIDO 156 MPLS Summary MPLS adds QoS and Virtual Tunnels MPLS provides a common control plane between layer 2 and layer 3 MPLS can support multiple layer 2 protocols –Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet MPLS provides layer 2 performance –It’s a compromise between connectionless layer 3 and connection-oriented layer 2 –Deterministic behavior

157. LIDO 157 MPLS Summary MPLS is the most effective way to integrate IP and ATM in the same backbone network. Reduces the processing overhead in IP routers, improving packet forwarding performance. Another way to provide QoS in network backbones, competing or complementary, with DiffServ, IntServ/RSVP, and ATM QoS. Solves N-squared route propagation problem in large backbones where routers have to be interconnected with a mesh of ATM or Frame Relay virtual circuits.

158. LIDO 158 MPLS Summary Major efforts are under way to adapt the control plane of MPLS to direct the routing of not just LSRs but an expanded universe of devices, including optical switches and other optical elements. The same routing system can control optical paths in the DWDM core, LSPs across the MPLS backbone, and paths involving any IP routers at the edge of the network. This is the realm of GMPLS. Whether with MPLS or GMPLS, service providers can simplify their operational procedures, deliver more versatile IP services, and, most importantly to customers, sign meaningful SLAs.

159. LIDO 159 LIDO Telecommunications Essentials ® Next Generation Networks Lili Goleniewski The LIDO Organization, Inc. www. telecomessentials.com +1-415-457-1800 lili@lidoorg.com Skypes ID: lili.goleniewski Telecom Essentials Learning Center www.telecomessentials.com Copyright © 2007- The LIDO Organization, Inc. All Rights Reserved