1. An Ordered Probit Model for Estimating Racial Discrimination through Fair Housing Audits. CANOPY ROYCHOUDHURY and ALLEN C. GOODMAN Wayne State University 1993 Presented by Mahetem Gessese

2. Introduction Two persons (auditors) with matched characteristics such as age, sex, and income Equally eligible for the housing unitDirect methods of measuring of discrimination Except one is black and one is white. The paper examines the severity of differential treatment The audit was done in metropolitan Detroit.

3. Auditing technique, average and marginal level of discrimination John Yinger (1986) Tai = a + bRi +eai Where a, is the audit i, the individual auditor, T is the treatment variable, R is binary variable for minority status and e, is the random error. Yinger argues that the OLS estimator b for beta is unbiased However the standard error of b is biased He recommends a paired difference- of-means test that would remove the bias from the standard error of b Blacks in Boston were informed 30% fewer units

4. The model D j + a 0 + a j +W j + sum B ij + sumv ik [C i C k ] +gY t + e ij i=1,2,….k j=1,1..10 Y* = Bx +e

6. Existing theories of Discrimination 1) The agent prejudice 2) The customer prejudice 3) The perceived preference 4) The rip-off hypothesis

7. Data 569 observations 317 collected randomly 252 complaints-driven

8. Regression results D j + a 0 + a j +W j + sum B ij + sumv ik [C i C k ] +gY t + e ij plim(  ^ j ) +  j + 1(r 2 /r 2 w )/(1-  j )

9. Conclusion

10. Widespread discriminatory 1980 –1990 Marginal discrimination higher than average discrimination