1. DNA The Code of Life

2. Fredrich Mischer In 1868, a Swiss physician found a new substance inside of cells and named it nuclein. This substance is now known as nucleic acid The cells he looked at came from the puss of used bandages! The significance of his discovery remained unknown in Mishcer’s lifetime.

3. Erwin Chargaff In 1950, he found that the number of adenine always equals the amount of thymine and the amount of guanine always equals the amount of cytosine. This later became known as Chargaff’s rule. A=T and C=G provided important clues to figuring out the base pairs of DNA.

4. Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin In 1952, they used X-ray diffraction to understand the physical structure of the DNA molecule. The rays then create complex patterns on photographic film. This picture provided important clues to figuring out the spiral double helix structure of DNA.

5. James Watson and Francis Crick The structure of DNA was finally realized in 1953. Four important findings: 1. The phosphate backbone was on the outside with the bases on the inside 2. The molecule was a double helix 3. The two strands run in opposite directions 4. Bases have a specific pairing When they figured out the double helix model, they exclaimed “We have just discovered the secret of life!”

6. In 1962, Watson and Crick shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Maurice Wilkins for the discovery of DNA. Rosalind Franklin died at the age of 35 in 1958 before the award was given.

7. Phosphate Deoxyribose (sugar) Four types of Nitrogen Bases: Adenine = A Guanine = G Cytosine = C Thymine = T Alternating sugars and phosphates make up the sides of the ladder. Bases pair up to make the steps of the ladder. Remember, Chargaff’s Rule! A = T and C = G

8. The subunits of DNA Made up of one phosphate, one sugar, and one nitrogen base pair Base Pairs bond together with weak hydrogen bonds Sugar and Phosphate bond together with strong “phosphodieste” bonds

10. DNA unzips to form two strands Free nucleotides create a new strand along the original template strand