1. Introduction to Medical Terminology

2. Objectives
At the completion of this chapter students should be able to:
Briefly define roots, prefixes, suffixes, combining forms, and combining vowels
Analyze medical terms by identifying the root, prefix, and suffix.
Build medical terms using roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining vowels.

3. Learning Medical Terms
Learning medical terminology is like learning a foreign language.
You learn by studying the rules of the language
Progress to learning words
Move on to putting the words together to form sentences
Finally develop the ability to communicate using the language

4. 3 Parts of a Medical Term
Most medical terms are derived from Greek and Latin.
Medical words are made up of three parts
Roots
Prefix
Suffix
Various combinations of these components determine the meaning of the word

5. Root
For example: the root word cycle takes on a new meaning when combined with the prefixes bi, tri, and uni.
Bicycle, tricycle, or unicycle are vehicles with wheels that require person power to move.
Combine the root word cycle with another root, motor, results in the word motorcycle.
Motorcycles are vehicles with wheels that are powered by a motor or engine.

6. Rules for combining word parts or word elements
Root is the foundation of a medical term
Medical terms usually have at least one root.
Roots usually identify a part of the body or a color and always keep the same meaning.
Some common roots
Arthr-joint Derm/Dermat-skin
Cardi-heart Gastr-stomach

7. Rules for combining word parts or word elements
All medical term roots have a combining form that is created when a root is combined with a vowel.
The vowel is called the Combining Vowel.
Combining vowels are usually an o and occasionally an i or e.
The combining vowel is used to join word elements and helps ease the pronunciation of medical terms.
The combining root is written with a slash followed by the combining vowel
Arthr/o-joint
cardi/o-heart
Dermat/o-skin
Gastr/o-stomach
The combining form of a root is used when joining roots with roots or combining roots with suffixes that begin with a consonant.

8. Roots That Identify Color
Cyan/o- blue eosin/o-red
Erythr/o-red leuk/o-white
Melan/o-black xanth/o-yellow

9. Prefix
Prefix is a word element or part that is added to the beginning of the word root.
All medical terms do not have a prefix.
Prefixes are written with a hyphen after the prefix.
Ante- before neo- new
Hemi- half sub- under,below
Multi- many
Prefixes are added to a word root without additional vowels or combining forms.

10. Suffix
Suffix is a word element or part that is added to the end of the word root.
All medical terms must have a suffix to complete the terms.
Rare cases a root can stand alone.
Suffixes are written with a hyphen preceding the suffix.
Suffixes change the meaning of the medical term.
Suffixes indicate whether a medical term is a noun or adjective.

11. Suffixes Examples of adjective suffixes:
-ac, -al, -ar, -ary = pertaining to; like
-ic, -iac = pertaining to
-oid = resembling

12. Suffixes Examples of Noun Suffixes:
-ectomy – surgical removal or excision
-itis – inflammation of
-megaly – enlargement
-pathy – disease

13. Exercise 1 Fill in the blank:
Word parts that make up medical terms are also called ________ ____________.
A/an ___________ is the foundation of a medical term.
____________ are added to the end of words.
A/an __________ is added to the beginning of a word.

14. Exercise 1
Most medical terms have a/an _________ and a/an _____________.
The ______________ __________ is used to join word elements and help the pronunciation of medical terms.
A/an ___________ _________ is created when a root is combined with a vowel
Suffixes indicate whether a medical term is a/an ____________ or a/an ___________.

15. Exercise 2 Write the meaning of the listed word part arthr/o gastr/o
ante-
multi-
-oid
-megaly
-pathy

16. Combining Rules
When combining more than one root in a medical term, the combining form of the root is usually used between the roots.
Example
Cardiogastric- pertaining to the heart and the stomach.
Note that the combining form cardi/o is used to join the roots cardi and gastr

17. Combining Rules
When combining a root with a suffix that begins with a consonant, the combining form of the root must be used to connect the suffix and the root.
Example: gastromegaly – enlarged stomach.
The root gastr means stomach, and the suffix megaly means enlarged. Using the combining form gastr/o aids in the pronunciation of this term.

18. Combining Rules
When combining a root with a suffix that begins with a vowel, the combining form is not used.
Example: gastrectomy – surgical removal of the stomach.
Because the suffix –ectomy begins with a vowel, the root gastr is used to create the medical term. Pronunciation is much smoother.

19. Combining Rules There will always be some exceptions to these rules.
For example; when combining word roots and one of the roots begins with a vowel, the combining form is retained.
Example: gastroenterology – the study of the stomach and the small intestine. The root gastr means stomach and the root enter means small intestine. The combining vowel is retained is aid in pronunciation.

20. Pronunciation Rules
Medical terms with 2 syllables are usually accented on the first syllable; example gastric, GASS-trik.
Medical terms with more than 2 syllables are usually accented on the 3rd to last or next to last syllable; example gastritis, gassTRYtis, example gastromegaly, gass trohMEGahlee

21. Pronunciation Rules
The vowel in the accented syllable is pronounced with the long vowel sound when the syllable ends with the vowel.
Example- gastritis gassTRYtis
The vowel in the accented syllable is pronounced with the short vowel when the syllable ends with a consonant.
Example- cardiomegaly kardeeohMEGahlee; the accented syllable meg is pronounced with the short e sound.

22. Singular and Plural Singular Plural Example a ae papilla-papillae
en ina lumen-lumina
ex,ix ices apex-apices
ies ietes paries-parietes
is es diagnosis-diagnoses
is ides epididymis-epididymides
nx nges larynx-larnges
on a ganglion-ganglia
um a atrium-atria
us i bronchus-bronchi
us era vicus-viscera
us ora corpus-corpora

23. Medical Terminology Now you are ready to begin creating medical terms.
You will be amazed at how many and how quickly you learn these terms.
Study your word parts each night and you will be extremely successful in this class!

24. Analyzing Medical Terms
To analyze a medical term first identify the word parts: root, prefix, and suffix.
To define a medical term start with the suffix, then move on to the prefix, then the root.
Example:
Pericardial; -al means pertaining to, peri means surrounding, cardi means heart; Pertaining to around the heart.