1. 1 of 108 The EPA 7-Step DQO Process Step 1 - State the Problem Presenters: Mitzi Miller and Al Robinson 8:15 AM - 9:30 AM (75 minutes) Day 2 DQO Training Course Module 2

2. 2 of 108 Terminal Course Objective To be able to develop a list of contaminants of concern, a conceptual site model (CSM), and a problem statement(s) for a specific project

3. 3 of 108 Generic Flow Chart Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Information OUT to Next Step Information IN From Previous Step Actions

4. 4 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Information OUT to Next Step Information IN From Previous Step Actions Added information is presented in bubbles to explain how to implement an action or explain items to consider. Generic Flow Chart

5. 5 of 108 Examples n There are two types of examples found in this training –The general example CS –The case study that is used to show the flow of the logic. The same case study is used for each step. It is called “Process Effluent Trench” and has the icon in the upper right corner.

6. 6 of 108 Step Objective: To clearly define the Problem so that the focus of the Project will be unambiguous Step 1: State the Problem Step 4: Specify Boundaries Step 2: Identify Decisions Step 3: Identify Inputs Step 1: State the Problem Step 5: Define Decision Rules Step 6 : Specify Error Tolerances Step 7 : Optimize Sample Design

7. 7 of 108 Step 1a - State the Problem Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines

8. 8 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines The DQO Team is the technical group that will develop the DQOs for the project The number of members will be directly related to the size and complexity of the problem Step 1a - State the Problem

9. 9 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines DQO Team may include: Chemist Hydrogeologist Engineer Safety Specialist Statistician Modeler Quality Assurance (QA)/ Quality Control (QC) Specialist Etc. Step 1a - State the Problem

10. 10 of 108 DQO Team Members CS

11. 11 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Stipulate the anticipated budget, available personnel, and contractual vehicles to be used Enumerate any deadlines for completion of the study and any intermediate deadlines that may need to be met Step 1a - State the Problem

12. 12 of 108 Available Resources and Deadlines CS

13. 13 of 108 Budget and Milestones n As is the case in the example, budgets and schedules are often set without any systematic planning n It is preferred that the DQO Process be performed well before the budget and schedule are established n Budgets for implementing the DQO Process are a must n The results of the DQO Process can then be used to set the remaining project schedule and budget

14. 14 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Decision makers are those that have authority over the study and are representatives of: Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency State Regulatory Agency Step 1a - State the Problem

15. 15 of 108 Decision Makers CS

16. 16 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Decision Makers: Seek, consider, and represent the concerns of the Stakeholders Have the ultimate authority for making final decisions based on the recommendations of the DQO Team Step 1a - State the Problem

17. 17 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Stakeholders are groups or individuals that will be impacted by the decisions made as a result of the DQO Process. Step 1a - State the Problem

18. 18 of 108 Stakeholders CS

19. 19 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Scoping Process Results: Collect site history, process knowledge, Summarize existing analytical data Specify areas to be investigated Summarize all recorded spills and releases Document applicable regulations Current housekeeping practices Current local environmental conditions Administrative and logistical elements Step 1b - State the Problem

20. 20 of 108 Remedial Action Soil Process Knowledge n Process Effluent Trench used 1952-1965 –Received mixed waste effluent from a uranium fueled graphite reactor retention basin n In 1965 the trench received water and sludge from cleanup of the reactor retention basin n Subsequent to receiving the sludge, a 5 ft layer of clean fill was placed on top of the trench in 1966, bringing it to grade CS

21. 21 of 108 Example (cont.) n An interim Record of Decision (ROD) was signed and in 1998 an Remedial Design Report (RDR)/Remedial Action Work Plan (RAWP) was prepared to establish action levels (ALs) and preliminary COPCs n Data was obtained during RI/FS investigations to estimate the vertical extent of migration of COPCs inside and outside the trench CS

22. 22 of 108 Summary of Existing Data n Summary of existing radioactive and non- radioactive contaminant data –See following 4 tables n Samples from 3 Boreholes were obtained from inside the trench and from the perimeter of the trench –Samples were obtained from 3 depths in each borehole n 7 Radioactive constituents were measured n Three non-radiological constituents were measured CS

23. 23 of 108 Summary of Existing Data (cont.) n Data from Boreholes Inside and Outside the Trench –Pu-239/240, Cs-137, Co-60, Eu-152, Eu-154, Eu-155, Sr-90 detected above instrument background In Trench - samples show radionuclide concentration generally decreasing with depth Out of Trench - samples show radionuclide concentration exhibiting no trend with depth –Chromium VI, arsenic and lead detected above instrument detection limit In Trench - concentration of metals show no trend related to depth Out of Trench - concentration of metals show no trend with depth CS

24. 24 of 108 CS RI/FS Borehole Data Radionuclides (Perimeter soil samples)

25. 25 of 108 CS RI/FS Borehole Data Metals (Perimeter soil samples)

26. 26 of 108 CS RI/FS Borehole Data Radionuclides (Trench soil samples)

27. 27 of 108 CS RI/FS Borehole Data Metals (Trench soil samples)

28. 28 of 108 Areas to be Investigated - Top view CS

29. 29 of 108 Summary of Spills and Releases n Trench is a rectangle 106 ft (32.3 m) long and 37 ft (11.2 m) wide n Excavation will proceed with a 1.5/1 side-slope perimeter around the trench footprint n Estimated working zone with trench centered within is 166 ft (50.3 m) by 97 ft (29.4 m) – Area of Trench is 3,922 ft 2 –Area of Perimeter Zone is 12,180 ft 2 (excluding Trench area) CS

30. 30 of 108 n Volume of Trench, -5 to -20 ft, is 1,654 yd 3 n Volume of Perimeter Zone, 1.5/1 slope from 20 ft depth, is 4,507 yd 3 (excluding Trench area) n Volume of 5 ft of Overburden is 551 yd 3 n It is assumed that the 5 ft overburden and removed side-slope soil is not contaminated above regulatory limits. –Excavation progress will be monitored Summary of Spills and Releases (cont.) CS

31. 31 of 108 n Process Knowledge indicates the –Pu 239/240, Eu-152, 154, 155, Sr-90, Cs-137, C-14, H-3, Sm-151, Co-60, Cr VI Arsenic and lead were added since the site had been an orchard and have been sprayed with lead-arsenates –5 ft Cover and side-slope soils will be removed and set aside for use as fill –The trench will be excavated to the bottom of the engineered structure (-20ft) CS Summary of Spills and Releases (cont.)

32. 32 of 108 Current Conditions n Housekeeping practices –Input lines to trench blocked to prevent use –Site Posted as an underground contamination area –Vegetation above trench limited to grasses n Site conditions and local environment –Avg. rainfall ~10 in./yr –Groundwater at ~65 ft below grade –Temperatures range 0 to 110°F –No cover or water collection system CS

33. 33 of 108 n Areas to be investigated: –soil via direct exposure –groundwater n Areas Excluded –Biota (covered by overall site program) –exclude surface water Current Conditions (cont.) CS

34. 34 of 108 Scoping Issues n The degree and extent of soil contamination reported from the RI/FS is questionable n There are different opinions as to whether multiple constituents of interest exist and whether the constituents are present above regulated levels at the site CS

35. 35 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Conduct interviews with decision makers and Stakeholders to determine their: Objectives Requirements (applies to decision makers only) Concerns Specify interview issues Hold Global Issues Meeting to resolve scoping and interview issues Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Continue activities Step 1c - State the Problem

36. 36 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Conduct interviews with decision makers and Stakeholders to determine their: Objectives Requirements (applies to decision makers only) Concerns Specify interview issues Hold Global Issues Meeting to resolve scoping and interview issues Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Continue activities Any differences in interviewees’ objectives, requirements or concerns are listed as issues. Step 1c - State the Problem Note

37. 37 of 108 Interview Issues n Uncertainty in the borehole data: Regulators expressed concern that since the borehole data is limited, the CSM may not be accurate, which will then impact the sampling design CS

38. 38 of 108 n Suitability/protectiveness of cleanup standards: Current Federal regulations regarding cleanup levels have been questioned by local stakeholders (special interest groups) as to their degree of protectiveness. Current special interest groups have argued that contamination, at any level, poses an unnecessary and unacceptable threat to human health and the environment. These special interest groups have asserted that DOE has a moral obligation to remove all detectable contamination in order to ensure that the surrounding community and wildlife is protected. Interview Issues (cont.) CS

39. 39 of 108 n Schedule delays, cost overruns, lack of sufficient sample data: DOE has expressed concerns over the involvement of special interests, particularly those who would require that the DOE perform potentially unneeded cleanup operations that are well beyond the scope and intent of the law. DOE has also expressed a concern that the operation be managed within the schedule and costs for which the project has been assigned. There is also a need to collect data that will be sufficient for its intended purpose; site closure/risk assessment input, or, designation of the waste for cleanup and disposal. CS Interview Issues (cont.)

40. 40 of 108 n Land Use: –DOE believes land use is will be industrial –EPA believes land use should be residential CS Interview Issues (cont.)

41. 41 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Conduct interviews with decision makers and Stakeholders to determine their: Objectives Requirements (applies to decision makers only) Concerns Specify interview issues Hold Global Issues Meeting to resolve scoping and interview issues Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Continue activities Global Issues Meeting: Resolve any outstanding scoping issues and/or interview issues with decision makers. Step 1c - State the Problem

42. 42 of 108 CS

43. 43 of 108 Global Issues Meeting n Scoping Issue: –The degree and extent of soil contamination reported from the RI/FS is questionable n Resolution: –Currently available historical information (existing data) was collected with the intent of supporting the conceptual model for all liquid disposal sites according to RI/FS considerations. However, such characterization data are not sufficient to support a decision for site closure or a decision to conduct additional remedial action if deemed necessary. CS

44. 44 of 108 n Scoping Issue: –Regulators expressed concern that since the borehole data is limited, the CSM may not be accurate, which may impact the sampling design n Resolution: –Data will be obtained at the completion of remedial action to adequately describe the end state of the site Global Issues Meeting (cont.) CS

45. 45 of 108 n Scoping Issue: –Suitability/protectiveness of cleanup standards: Implementation of current cleanup dose standards are questioned by the interest groups. The concern is that the compliance with the standards are not adequately demonstrated by dose risk scenarios. n Resolution: –The State and Federal agencies have explained the risk assessment process to the interest groups. Compliance with these risk levels will be protective. Based on more information related to the scenarios used in the risk assessment process, the interest groups indicated that the approach was logical. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

46. 46 of 108 n Interview Issue: –Schedule delays, cost overruns, lack of sufficient sample data: DOE has expressed concerns over the involvement of special interests, particularly those who would require that DOE perform potentially unneeded cleanup operations that are well beyond the scope and intent of the law. DOE has also expressed a concern that the operation be managed within the schedule and costs (presented later in this example) for which the project has been assigned. There is also a need to collect data that will be sufficient for its intended purpose; site closure/risk assessment input or designation of the waste for cleanup and disposal. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

47. 47 of 108 n Resolution: –DOE will rely on the DQO Process to determine the most cost-effective and technically defendable means for collection of samples. Furthermore, DOE will be using the DQO Process to document agreement of the sampling strategy with the regulators and local community as a means of reducing liability and future litigation. The Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) generated from the DQO effort will result in data collection sufficient for its intended purpose. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

48. 48 of 108 n Interview Issue: –Data will not be of sufficient quality for risk assessment: Regulators are concerned that previous data are not of the quality to support risk assessment n Resolution: –Regulators will be participants in the DQO Process which defines the data and quality requirements. In addition, they may take split samples at the same time sampling is performed. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

49. 49 of 108 n Interview Issue: –Conflicting land uses (industrial vs. residential): Regulators believe the land use is residential. An industrial scenario would change input parameters and may result in allowing higher concentrations to remain in the soil. DOE believes the future land use should be industrial. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

50. 50 of 108 n Resolution: –For all government facilities, a federal facility agreement (FFA) is signed between the EPA/State and the federal agency that owns the site (e.g., DOE or military). By law, this agreement indicates that the federal agency owning the site can designate the land use or agree to negotiate the land use. –Since final land use will not be established until some time in the future, DOE agreed to remediate to potential future residential land use. However, DOE retained the option of achieving that goal through institutional controls if cost became unrealistic for the site. CS Global Issues Meeting (cont.)

51. 51 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

52. 52 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Define the total list of COPCs : Identify: Source of contamination:Reactor fuel rods Type of contamination from each source:Fission products Specific COPCsAm-241, Co-60, Cs-137 Step 1d - State the Problem

53. 53 of 108 CS

54. 54 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Identify COPC Exclusions: Develop rationale for the exclusion of any of the COPCs Document the rationale for any exclusions Example:- Isotope with short half-life - No health or ecological risk Step 1d - State the Problem

55. 55 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Consider the following questions: 1. Was the compound/element ever used at the site? 2. Does the compound react with water and thus no longer exist? 3. For waste, does the pH of the matrix degrade the compound? 4. Is the compound volatile and thus evaporate? Step 1d - State the Problem

56. 56 of 108 COPC Exclusions CS

57. 57 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Identify the Final List of COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

58. 58 of 108 Final List of COPCs CS

59. 59 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs How the release occurred? Still occurring? Single large release? Small release over long time? Stack release of gases? Contaminated debris? Step 1d - State the Problem

60. 60 of 108 Release Mechanisms n How the COPCs arrived at the facility –COPCs transported to the soil in the trench in two ways; Contained in liquid effluents from the reactor fuel storage basin. The effluent contained soluble and insoluble radionuclides and metals. Disposal of sludge trucked from the fuel storage basin. –The only physical component in the CSM is environmental media (e.g., gravel, sand, and soil) The soil has been contaminated by solid and liquid material from the fuel storage basin at various times during the trench’s history The physical components of the site include surface and subsurface soils and gravel within the known boundaries of the disposal site CS

61. 61 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Begin to evaluate the fate & transport of COPCs Begin to evaluate the distribution of COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

62. 62 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem Used to make assumption on the distribution (lateral/vertical) of COPCs Dependent on: Types of COPCs expected How they arrived Amount of time since the release Environmental conditions since the release Effect of natural processes Wind, weather, erosion, re-charge, etc.

63. 63 of 108 Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Types of sampling media: Soil Concrete Groundwater Gravel Etc. Step 1d - State the Problem

64. 64 of 108 Fate and Transport n How will/has the fate and transport mechanisms affect(ed) the COPCs –Unimpeded access is assumed for all sampling media. Because the site received contaminated water and sludge and has been exposed to weather (precipitation) during its history, transport into the subsurface blow the bottom of the trench is assumed –To support site confirmation for residential release, the underlying soil is included within the boundaries of the site CS

65. 65 of 108 Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Examples of receptors are Humans Plants Animals Step 1d - State the Problem

66. 66 of 108 Receptors n Future land use –It is anticipated that the land must be released for residential use at some future time. Therefore, potential receptor is a resident living on the property. –For purposes of this project, plant and animal receptors do not need to be considered. They are addressed through other site-wide programs. CS

67. 67 of 108 n The pathway for exposure via surface contamination and contamination in the vadose zone needs added evaluation n Exposure to contaminants left on site would occur through several pathways; –Inhalation –Ingestion of crops, water, livestock –Direct dose from near surface contamination Potential Pathways CS

68. 68 of 108 n Data for groundwater wells near the site have indicated contamination potentially attributable to this site n A resident on the site may drill a well and use the water for drinking and irrigation, thus the groundwater pathway must be included n The following figure shows the potential pathway to humans via exposure to the surface and subsurface soil Potential Pathways (cont.) CS

69. 69 of 108 CS Potential Receptors (cont.)

70. 70 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Spatial and frequency distributions This is key point for determining the number of samples Step 1d - State the Problem

71. 71 of 108 Football Field One-Acre Football Field 30'0"

72. 72 of 108 Spatial Distribution - Football Field

73. 73 of 108 Probability Density Function

74. 74 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Liquid spill  Plume model (decreasing with distance) Burn pit  Lateral and vertical heterogeneity Tank sludge  Lateral homogeneity/vertical heterogeneity Fill  What information is available about the fill? Concrete  Drivers? Air; Water; Contact Step 1d - State the Problem

75. 75 of 108 Spatial Surface Soil Sample Results CS

76. 76 of 108 Distributions n Presumed Spatial Distributions of the COPCs –The trench received contaminated water from a pipe and concrete structure on one end. However the trench was usually filled to a depth of several feet, so there should be no significant differences in concentration in the soil below the trench floor. – Because some of the site was covered with clean soil, it cannot be assumed that contamination decreases with depth from the surface. However, from the surface that received the effluent, whether or not that is the current surface, contamination is expected to decrease with depth. The borehole data supports this model; therefore, deeper soils are assigned a lower probability of being contaminated. CS

77. 77 of 108 Distributions (cont.) –The probability of contamination will be scaled within a range bounded by the arbitrary lateral and vertical boundary to be determined during sample optimization (Step 7). This is because the amount of data collected from the RI/FS is not sufficient to define the physical boundaries of the expected residual contamination. The previous RI/FS did not use the DQO Process. CS

78. 78 of 108 Frequency Distribution

79. 79 of 108 Frequency Distribution CS

80. 80 of 108 Histogram CS

81. 81 of 108 Histogram (cont.) CS

82. 82 of 108 CS Histogram (cont.)

83. 83 of 108 CS Histogram (cont.)

84. 84 of 108 Distribution Curves M o = M d = M n Normal Mo  Md  MnMo  Md  Mn Lognormal M 0 = mode M d = median M n = mean % of time when x <  is high, for small n

85. 85 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Are COPCs co-located? (e.g., based on partition coefficients, pH causing precipitation)  real time analysis for indicator contaminants Step 1d - State the Problem

86. 86 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Identify driver compounds (e.g., based on greatest risk or movement or half-life) Examine concentration range and compare to action limit (e.g., far below or above action limit, near action level) Step 1d - State the Problem

87. 87 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Overall objectives of the project: Is the decision risk based? Waste characterization based? Regulatory restraints? Future land uses? Pilot study? Remedial action? Monitoring effort? Characterization effort? All potential data uses/users identified? Step 1d - State the Problem

88. 88 of 108 Decision Drivers n Future land use –Effect of residual contamination on human residential receptors was not previously considered –All parties agreed to use residential land use as the scenario CS

89. 89 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs The CSM narrative summary states clearly the current understanding of the condition of the site Step 1d - State the Problem

90. 90 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Use information gathered from the scoping process, decision maker interviews and the Global Issues Meeting to develop a CSM The CSM may be presented in the following forms: Narrative statement Graphical Tabular Step 1d - State the Problem

91. 91 of 108 CSM Narrative n The Trench and the surrounding soil (surface and underlying) extending laterally up to  30 ft in any direction from the perimeter of the trench and down to a depth of 20 ft constitutes the conceptual model for the contaminated site. It is graphically depicted in the plan view and section view in the following section. –Perimeter side slope soil is defined as soil up to a depth of -20 ft –Trench footprint soil is defined as vadose zone soil in the trench footprint from -20 ft to groundwater (approximately 65 ft surface to groundwater) CS

92. 92 of 108 CSM Spatial Graphical CS

93. 93 of 108 Overview of the Receptor Pathway (CSM) Tabular CS

94. 94 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs The goal of the DQO Process is to develop a sampling design that will confirm or reject the CSM. Step 1d - State the Problem

95. 95 of 108 Problem Statements n The CSM is used to constrain the problem statement(s) n The Problem Statement(s) allows the planning to be focused on issues that must be resolved with data and makes the problem unambiguous

96. 96 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs A concise problem statement describes: The problem as it is currently understood The conditions that are causing the problem Step 1d - State the Problem

97. 97 of 108 Problem Statement Format  General Format:  In order to [support decisions for site remediation/better understand the nature of the waste/establish a basis for materials management] data are required that define [the nature and extent of contamination/the constituents of concern/the source and characteristics of the materials].

98. 98 of 108 n In order to confirm that the NaI survey data can replace High Purity Germanium (HPGe) results for use as Closeout Verification Plan (CVP) variance data, data regarding radiological soil contamination using both methods are needed. n In order to determine the sampling and release requirements for concrete and associated soils, data regarding metal, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and radiological contamination in concrete and soils are needed. Problem Statement Examples

99. 99 of 108 n In order to confirm that the on-site in-situ GC/MS analysis can replace method 8260B results for use in final verification of closure, data regarding volatiles using both methods are needed. n In order to determine whether the concrete should be disposed at a TSCA incinerator, data regarding the PCBs in the concrete surface are needed. Problem Statement Examples (cont.)

100. 100 of 108 n Process knowledge indicates that there would have been low plutonium concentrations in the wastes disposed through the tank and relatively few other radionuclides should be present. Limited sampling of the sludge indicates that plutonium is distributed within strata throughout the tank; however, this distribution is somewhat heterogeneous and ill- defined. Characterization data are required to evaluate the need for an early removal action and, as required, to determine the appropriate methods for (1) removal of the sludge from Tank Y, (2) stabilization and packaging of the waste, and (3) sludge disposal. ‘Typical’ Problem Statement Example

101. 101 of 108 n In order to determine whether the residual soils at the site are contaminated, data regarding potential contaminants in the surface and underlying soils are needed. Problem Statement CS

102. 102 of 108 Step 1 Summary n Scoping is the most important activity n Adequate resources (time, money, people) must be provided for scoping n Adequate resources must be provided for the DQO Process n Identify the decision makers’ objectives, requirements, and concerns n Performing interviews allows the facilitator to understand each decision maker’s objectives and requirements n Resolving global issues allows technical staff to focus on providing defensible designs

103. 103 of 108 n Global issues include land use and interpretation of regulations Step 1 Summary (cont.) n Logic for inclusion and exclusion of COPCs must be documented n It is possible to greatly decrease the number of COPCs based on sound technical logic n Remember, if there is no receptor there is no risk n CSM is based on scoping n The DQO Process goal is to test the CSM n CSM allows one to focus on problems that are resolved by data/information

104. 104 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Identify the DQO Team and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Continue activities Identify the decision makers and define each member’s roles and responsibilities Identify the Stakeholders and determine who will represent their interests Planning Meeting Identify available resources and relevant deadlines Step 1a - State the Problem

105. 105 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Conduct interviews with decision makers and Stakeholders to determine their: Objectives Requirements (applies to decision makers only) Concerns Specify interview issues Hold Global Issues Meeting to resolve scoping and interview issues Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Step 1b - State the Problem Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues

106. 106 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Continue activities Scoping Process Results: Collect site history, process knowledge, Summarize existing analytical data Specify areas to be investigated Summarize all recorded spills and releases Document applicable regulations Current housekeeping practices Current local environmental conditions Administrative and logistical elements Step 1c - State the Problem

107. 107 of 108 Information INActions Information OUT From Previous Step To Next Step Scoping Process Results Scoping Process Issues Global Issues Resolutions Conceptual Site Model Problem Statement Estimate COPC distributions Provide rationale for COPC exclusions Create final list of COPCs with rationale for inclusions Specify release mechanisms Identify fate and transport mechanisms List potential receptors Discuss decision drivers Write CSM Summary Narrative Identify COPCs Step 1d - State the Problem

108. 108 of 108 End of Module 2 Thank you