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Chapter 9: Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects of Personality This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The.

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Presentation on theme: "Chapter 9: Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects of Personality This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The."— Presentation transcript:

1 Chapter 9: Humanistic, Existential, and Positive Aspects of Personality
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: (1) Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; (2) Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; (3) Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Existentialism An area of philosophy concerned with the meaning of human existence “Being-in-the-world” Must examine human beings in their world The self cannot exist without the world Phenomenological approach Subjective realities are important Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Humanism An area of philosophy that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the importance of human values “The third force” Emphasizes the creative, spontaneous, and active nature of human beings Third after psychoanalysis and behaviorism Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Humanism Our existence comes from our relations with others
I-Thou dialogue—direct, mutual relationship I-It monologue—utilitarian view of another Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Humanism The human potential movement
People are encouraged to realize their inner potentials Uses group meetings, self-disclosure, and introspection Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Erich Fromm Love Allows us to overcome our isolation but still maintain our individual integrity Loving is an art Modern society encourages existential alienation Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Existential Alienation: 1950 - 2000
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Erich Fromm Dialectical humanism
Reconciles the biological, driven side of human beings and the pressure of societal structure Believes people can transcend these forces through free will Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Carl Rogers Responsibility
People have an inherent tendency toward growth and maturation “Becoming one’s self” People must strive to take responsibility for themselves Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 Carl Rogers Rogerian psychotherapy derives from Rogers’ personality theory For constructive personality change: Therapist is supportive and nondirective Therapist is client-oriented Therapist provides the client with unconditional positive regard Therapist provides empathetic understanding of client's internal frame of reference Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Carl Rogers Importance of “congruence” For therapist (and client)
Accurate self-perception Accurate communication Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 Anxiety and Dread Rollo May
Anxiety is triggered by a threat to the core values of existence We search for meaning in our lives when anxious Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13 Anxiety and Dread Victor Frankl
Importance of personal choice Logotherapy Emphasizes the importance of choosing to find meaning in life Existential-humanistic approaches and support groups Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14 Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Only self-actualization is at the “being-level” (B-motive). The other needs are “deficiency needs” (D-needs or D-motives) Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15 Self-Actualization The innate process by which a person tends to gain spiritually and realize his or her potential Self-actualized people are spiritually fulfilled, comfortable with themselves, loving, ethical, creative, and productive Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16 Self-Actualized Historical Figures (from Maslow)
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17 Abraham Maslow Peak experiences
Powerful experiences in which people seem to transcend the self, be at one with the world, and feel completely self-fulfilled Common to people who are self- actualized Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18 Measuring Self-Actualization
Maslow used interviews, observations, projective tests, biographical studies, etc. Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) Self-report questionnaire Seems to capture some aspects of a healthy personality Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

19 Happiness and Positive Psychology
Who is happy? Not a function of being in favorable circumstances Subjective well-being (self evaluated) Combination of characteristics: personal traits optimistic cognitions (i.e., believing things usually work out for the best) internal psychological processes Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20 Suggestions for Pursuing Happiness
1. Help others 2. Monitor one's wealth-seeking 3. Seek spiritual or awe-inspiring experiences in life 4. Keep lists or journals of your accomplishments Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21 Suggestions for Pursuing Happiness
5. Avoid television 6. Set long-term goals and move on quickly after any short-term failures 7. Recognize that many people have tendencies to be relatively unhappy, due to a combination of biology, early experiences, thoughts and abilities, and current situations Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22 Positive Psychology Explores the positive forces of life
Hope Creativity Wisdom Spirituality Application to mental health Studies of wisdom, thriving, and excellence in performance Escape focus on mental illness, pathological behavior, failures of motivation and control Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23 The American Paradox Our society embodies progress on many different levels: technology, wealth, and freedom Yet, we are not necessarily more happy; progress comes with a new set of problems often conceptualized as a moral decline Possible solutions: altruism, fidelity, family, community, spirituality Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

24 Timeline: Humanistic-Existential Approach
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25 Timeline: Humanistic-Existential Approach
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

26 Timeline: Humanistic-Existential Approach
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

27 Timeline: Humanistic-Existential Approach
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

28 The Humanistic-Existential Approach
Analogy Humans as free, sentient beings seeking spiritual fulfillment Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

29 The Humanistic-Existential Approach
Advantages Emphasizes courageous struggle for self- fulfillment Appreciates the spiritual nature of a person Based on healthy, well-adjusted individuals Considers each individual’s experience unique Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

30 The Humanistic-Existential Approach
Limits May avoid quantification and scientific method Sometimes insufficiently concerned with reason Theories are sometimes ambiguous or inconsistent Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

31 The Humanistic-Existential Approach
View of free will Free will is essential to being human Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

32 The Humanistic-Existential Approach
Common assessment techniques Interview, self-exploration, art, literature, biographical analysis of creativity and special achievement, self-report tests, observation Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

33 The Humanistic-Existential Approach
Implications for therapy Encourages self-knowledge through experiences (including spiritual experiences) appropriate to the individual. Roger’s client-centered therapy offers a genuine, empathetic therapist who offers unconditional positive regard. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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