2. OPTICS – a branch of physics which deals with the behavior of light and other electromagnetic waves.

3.  Until the time of Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727), most scientists thought that light consisted of streams of particles (called corpuscles) emitted by light sources  In 1665, evidence of wave properties of light began to be discovered  In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves and calculated their speed of propagation  Starting in 1887, along with the experimental work of Heinrich Hertz, this development showed conclusively that light is an electromagnetic wave

5. The two personalities of Light  The contradictory wave and particle properties have been reconciled since 1930 with the development of quantum electrodynamics, a comprehensive theory that includes both wave and particle properties  The propagation of light is best described by a wave model, but understanding emission and absorption requires a particle approach

6.  The fundamental sources of all radiation are electrical charges in accelerated motion  All bodies emit em radiation as a result of thermal motion of their molecules; this radiation, called thermal radiation, is a mixture of different wavelengths

7.  At sufficiently high temperatures, all matter emits enough visible light to be self- luminous; a very hot body appears “red hot” or “white hot”  Thus hot matter in any form is a light source  Ex. Candle flame, hot coals, the coils in an electrical room heater, incandescent lamp filament

8.  Light is also produced during electrical discharges through ionized gases  The bluish light of mercury-arc lamps, the orange-yellow of sodium-vapor lamps, and the various colors of “neon” signs are familiar  Fluorescent lamp a variation of the mercury-arc lamp Uses a material called phosphor to convert the ultraviolet radiation from a mercury arc into visible light This conversion makes it more efficient than incandescent lamps in transforming electrical energy into light

9.  a gas discharge lamp is a light source that generates light by creating an electrical discharge through ionized gas. Typically, these lamps use nobble gases such as argon, neon, krypton and xenon, or a mixture of these gasses. Many lamps are also filled with additional gases like sodium and mercury, while some others have metal halide additives.  When power is applied to the lamp, an electrical field is generated in the tube. This field accelerates free electrons in the ionized gas. The electrons collide with the gas and metal atoms. Some electrons orbiting around these atoms are excited by the collision to a higher energy state. When the electron of the excited atom returns to its previous energy state, it releases energy in the form of photon. This light can be anything between IR, visible or UV radiation. Some lamps have a fluorescent coating on the inside of the lamp to convert the UV radiation into visible light.

10. LASER  Atoms are induced to emit light in a cooperative, coherent fashion  The result is a very narrow beam of radiation that can be enormously intense and that is much more nearly monochromatic, or single-frequency, than light from any other source

11.  Used by physicians for microsurgery, in CD players and computers to scan the information encoded on a compact disc or CD- ROM, in industry to cut through steel and to fuse high- melting-point materials

12. Wave Front Used to describe wave propagation Locus of all adjacent points at which the phase of vibration of a physical quantity associated with the wave is the same That is, at any instant, all points on a wave front are at the same part of the cycle of their vibration When we drop a pebble into a calm pool, the expanding circles formed by the wave crests, as well as the circles formed by the wave troughs between them, are wave fronts

13.  When sound waves spread out in still air from a point like emitter, any spherical surface that is concentric with the source is a wave front

14.  A ray is an imaginary line along the direction of travel of the wave

15. Reflection and Refraction When a light wave strikes a smooth interface separating two transparent materials(such as air & glass), the wave is in general partly reflected and partly refracted (transmitted) into the second material

16. A plane wave is in part reflected and in part refracted at the boundary between two media. The light that reaches the inside of the coffee shop is refracted twice, once entering the glass and once exiting the glass

17. Two Types of Reflection Specular Reflection – reflection at a definite angle from a very smooth surface Diffuse Reflection – scattered reflection from a rough surface The vast majority of objects in your environment are visible to us because they reflect light in a diffuse manner from their surfaces.