1. III. The Inca

2. A. Andean Civilization In the Peruvian Andes
3. Cuzco: ancient Incan capital (11,000 ft. above sea level)
4. language: Quechua

3. Machu Picchu

4. Incan Mummies

5. B. Economic agricultural & pastoral terrace farming in mountains
potatoes, maize, beans, coca leaves, guinea pigs
domesticated llamas & alpacas
pottery

6. Incan Ceramic Jars
Peanut
Potato
Squash
Cacao God
Corn

8. large professional army
intricate road system
peasants owed compulsory labor to the state
- mita system

9. C. Sociocultural Rigid hierarchical society: − rulers (el Inca)
− aristocrats/military elite
− priests
− small merchant class
− peasants
Religion:
− Inti: sun god, owns all property
little human sacrifice

10. D. Political 1. Military expansionism professional standing army
most united empire in the Americas!
large bureaucracy
unified language
roads/bridges
− quipus (knots for counting)
− chasquis (runners)

12. The Quipu: An Incan Database

13. I. Southwest of U.S. present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado
2. Hohokam culture (pottery & irrigation)
3. The Anasazi used large-scale irrigation with sophisticated weaving & pottery
4. Hopi & Pueblo built “adobe” shelters

15. II. Mississippian Culture
1. Chiefdom tradition
2. cities built on large platform mounds & buried dead in mounds
3. city of Cahokia

18. Pre-Columbian Comparisons:
Aztecs
Maya
Inca
Economics
Society
Politics

19. Pre-Columbian Comparisons:
A. Politically :
1. Expansion
Maya: slaves
Aztec: military expansion for territory, sacrifices
Inca: religious
Centralization
Maya: city-states
Aztec: Tenochtitlan; NO bureaucracy
Inca: most centralized (big bureaucracy)

20. B. Socially: All 3: peasant majority slavery of conquered peoples
women subordinate except
inherit land
commerce
Maya & Aztecs: merchant class
Aztec: warrior elite
Inca: religious elite, god-king (el Inca)