1. Digital Media Dr. Jim Rowan ITEC 2110 Audio

2. What is audio?

3. First, some demos Can you hear this? –http://s3.amazonaws.com/listverse/audioill usions/highfreq1.mp3 –“mosquito ring tone” Audio illusion “Creep” –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugriWS mRxcM

4. The nature of sound There are two special types of audio Functionally and uniquely different than other sounds –Music Cultural status Can be represented as non-sound: MIDI –Speech Linquistic content Lends itself to special compression

5. And it’s complicated Converting energy to vibrations and back Transported through some medium –Either air or some other compressible medium Consider speech –Starts as an electrical signal (brain & nerves) –Ends as an electrical signal (brain & nerves) –But…

6. And it’s complicated (cont) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear –Starts as an electrical signal (brain & nerves) ==> –Muscle movement (vocal chords) Vibrates a column of air sending out a series of compression waves in the air –Compression waves cause ear membrane to vibrate ==> –Moves 3 tiny bones ==> –Causes waves in the liquid in the inner ear ==> –Bends tiny hair cells immersed in the liquid ==> –When bent they fire ==> –Sends electrical signals to the cerebral cortex –Processed by the temporal cortex

7. Audio Illusions Play a 200 Hz tone –Softly at first –Gradually increase the volume –Most listeners will report that the tone drops in pitch as the volume increases Complex tones are reported to have lower pitch than pure tone of the same frequency

8. Why do you think… You can’t tell where some sounds come from (some alarms for instance) You only need one sub woofer when you need at least two for everything else You can’t tell where sound is coming from underwater Two things running at the same speed make a “beating” sound

9. Why do you think… (cont) With your eyes closed you can’t tell whether a sound is in front of you or behind you With tinnitis you hear sound that isn’t there Phantom sounds –Heard… but not there Masking sounds –Not simply drowning them out –Can mask a sound that occurs before the masking sound is played

10. Why do you think… (cont) You can hear your name in a noisy room –Cocktail party effect –http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_party_ effect –Still very much a subject of research

11. Why? It’s complicated! Sound is physical phenomenon –Wavelength affects stereo hearing –Speed of sound affects stereo hearing –You can tell where a sound comes from if the wavelength is long enough and the speed that sound travels is slow enough to allow the waves arrive at your ears at different times –Speed of sound affects stereo hearing It’s sensory and perceptual experience http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustics

12. Processing Audio

13. Processing audio How can we look at sound? What do you want to see? Waveform displays –Summed amplitude & time –Amplitude & frequency components at one point in time –Amplitude & frequency & time

14. Summed amplitude & time

15. Amplitude & frequency components at one point in time

16. Amplitude & frequency & time

17. joe took father’s shoe bench out Summed amplitude & time

18. Amplitude & frequency & time

19. Digitized audio As we have seen earlier this semester –Sample rate & quantization level –Reduction in sample rate is less noticeable than reducing the quantization level Jitter is a problem –Slight changes in timing causes problems 20k+ frequencies? –Though they can’t be heard they manifest themselves as aliases when reconstructed

20. Audio Dithering Book description on page 284 –Figure 9.9 Add random noise to the original signal This noise causes rapid transitioning between the few quantized levels Makes audio with few quantization levels seem more acceptable

21. Audio processing terms to know Clipping Noise gate –has threshold Notch filter –60 cycle hum Low pass filter High pass filter Time stretching Pitch alteration Envelope shaping

22. One thing about humans… We can actively “filter out” what we don’t want to hear –remember the cocktail party effect? Over time we don’t hear the pops and snaps of a vinyl record –Have you ever recorded something that you thought would be good only to play it back and hear the air conditioner and the traffic? A piece of software can’t do this

23. Compressing sound Opposite approach than images –With images you can toss out the high frequencies –With audio you can’t… high frequency changes are highly significant

24. Compressing sound (cont) Voice? –Remove silence Similar to RLE –(how many seconds of silence?) –Non-linear quantization “companding” –Quiet sounds are represented in greater detail than loud ones Mu-law A-law –Allows a dynamic range that would require 12 bits into 8 bits –4096 (2**12) ==> 256 (2**8)

25. Compressing sound (cont) Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) –Related to inter-frame compression It predicts what the next sample will be It sends that difference rather than the absolute value Not as effective for sound as it is for images Adaptive DCPM –Dynamically varies the step size Large differences were encoded using large steps Small differences were encoded using small steps

26. Compressing sound (cont) that are perceptually based Remove what doesn’t matter Based on the psycho-acoustic model –Threshold of hearing –High and low frequencies not as important (for voice) They require much more power to be heard –Loud tones can mask quiet ones –It can mask sounds before and after they occur

27. Record & Playback There are two ways to “record” and then “playback” the audio – Play the instruments Record the performance Play the recording back –Write the music down Send the written-down music Perform the written-down music

28. MIDI There is another way to “write down” the music for performance later. Instead of writing it down on sheet music… Write it down as machine instructions The music can be recorded loops …or it can be generated by the machine

29. MIDI You can use software to create or capture MIDI music You can use software to play back the MIDI stream P 307, Tables 9.1 and 9.2 –Voice numbers –Drum kit numbers Why are there 128 voice numbers? –Why not 129 or 127? –How many bits? Why are there 32 drum kit numbers? –Why not 33 or 31? –How many bits

30. Questions?