1. Digital Media Dr. Jim Rowan ITEC 2110 Audio

2. What is audio?

3. First, some demos Can you hear this? –http://www.freemosquitoringtones.org/heari ng_test/ –“mosquito ring tone” Audio illusion “Creep” –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ugriWS mRxcM

4. The nature of sound There are two special classes of audio Functionally and uniquely different than other sounds –Music Carries a cultural status Can be represented by non-sound: MIDI Can be represented by a musical score –Speech Linquistic content Lends itself to special compression

5. And it’s complicated… Converting energy to vibrations and back Transported through some medium –Either air or some other compressible medium Consider speech –Starts as an electrical signal (brain & nerves) –Ends as an electrical signal (brain & nerves) –But…

6. No… it’s REALLY complicated.. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear –Starts as an electrical signal (brain & nerves) ==> –Muscle movement (vocal chords) Vibrates a column of air sending out a series of compression waves in the air –Compression waves cause ear membrane to vibrate ==> –Moves 3 tiny bones ==> –Causes waves in the liquid in the inner ear ==> –Bends tiny hair cells immersed in the liquid ==> –When bent they fire ==> –Sends electrical signals to the cerebral cortex –Processed by the temporal cortex

7. Audio Illusions Play a 200 Hz pure tone –Softly at first –Gradually increase the volume –Most listeners will report that the tone drops in pitch as the volume increases Play a 2000 Hz pure tone –Softly at first –Gradually increase the volume –Most listeners will report that the tone rises in pitch as the volume increases

8. Audio Illusions Complex tones are reported to have lower pitch than pure tone of the same frequency Frequencies above human hearing affect how the lower frequencies are perceived even though they can’t be “heard”

9. Why do you think… You can’t tell where some sounds come from (like some alarms for instance) You only need one sub woofer when you need at least two for everything else You can’t tell where sound is coming from underwater Two things running at the same speed make a “beating” sound

10. Why do you think… (cont) With your eyes closed you can’t tell whether a sound is in front of you or behind you You hear sound that isn’t there (tinnitis) Phantom sounds –Heard… but not there Masking sounds –Not simply drowning them out –Can mask a sound that occurs before the masking sound actually starts

11. Why do you think… (cont) You can hear your name in a noisy room –Cocktail party effect –http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_party_ effect –Still very much a subject of research

12. Why? It’s complicated! Sound is physical phenomenon –Wavelength affects stereo hearing –Speed of sound affects stereo hearing –You can tell where a sound comes from if the wavelength is long enough and the speed that sound travels is slow enough to allow the waves arrive at your ears at different times Sound is a sensory and perceptual experience http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustics

13. Processing Audio

14. Processing audio How can we look at sound? What do you want to see? Waveform displays –Summed amplitude of all frequencies & time –Amplitude & frequency components at one point in time –Amplitude & frequency & time

15. Summed amplitude across all frequencies & time more examples of this form ==>

22. now for some other forms of audio display ==>

23. Amplitude & frequency components at one point in time pipe organ audio

24. Amplitude & frequency & time pipe organ audio

25. joe took father’s shoe bench out Summed amplitude & time

26. Amplitude & frequency & time Here… the amplitude (volume) is shown as increasingly darkening areas

27. Digitized audio As we have seen earlier this semester –Sample rate & quantization level –Reduction in sample rate is less noticeable than reducing the quantization level Jitter is a problem –Slight changes in timing causes problems 20k+ frequencies? –Though they can’t be heard they manifest themselves as aliases when reconstructed

28. Audio Dithering Weird… add noise… get better sounding result Add random noise to the original signal This noise causes rapid transitioning between the few quantized levels Makes audio with few quantization levels seem more acceptable

30. Audio processing terms to know Clipping –…but you don’t know how high the amplitude will be before the performance is recorded Noise gate –has an amplitude threshold Notch filter –remove 60 cycle hum Low pass filter High pass filter Time stretching (or shrinking… Limbaugh) Pitch alteration Envelope shaping (modifying attack)

33. One thing about humans… We can actively “filter out” what we don’t want to hear –remember the cocktail party effect? Over time we don’t hear the pops and snaps of a vinyl record –Have you ever recorded something that you thought would be good only to play it back and hear the air conditioner or traffic roaring in the background? A piece of software can’t do this… –…not yet anyway!

34. Compressing sound files Take the opposite approach from the one you took with images –With images you can toss out the high frequencies –With audio you can’t… high frequency changes are highly significant

35. Compressing sound: Voice Remove silence –Similar to RLE Non-linear quantization “companding” –Quiet sounds are represented in greater detail than loud ones Mu-law (North America and Japan) A-law (Europe) –Allows a dynamic range that would require 12 bits into 8 bits –4096 (2**12) ==> 256 (2**8)

36. Compressing sound: Voice Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) –Related to temporal (inter-frame) video compression It predicts what the next sample will be It sends that difference rather than the absolute value Not as effective for sound as it is for images Adaptive DCPM –Dynamically varies the sample step size Large differences were encoded using large steps Small differences were encoded using small steps

37. Sound compression that is based on perception The idea is to remove what doesn’t matter Based on the psycho-acoustic model –Threshold of hearing Remove sounds too low to be heard –High and low frequencies not as important (for voice)

38. Record & Playback There are two ways to “record” and then “playback” the audio – Perform it with instruments Record the performance Play the recording back –Write the music down Send the written-down music Perform the written-down music

39. How do you write it down? There is another way to “write down” the music for performance later. Instead of writing it down on sheet music… Write it down as machine instructions …one form of this is MIDI

40. MIDI Music flows as instructions that are used to recreate the analog music Encode the timing, voice, amplitude and pitch You can use software to create or capture MIDI music You can use software to play back the MIDI stream

41. Questions?