1. Theorist Review B.F. Skinner Abraham Maslow ErikErikson
Maria Montessori
Jean Piaget
Lev Vygotsky

2. B.F. Skinner
Behavior Theory

3. Operant Conditioning
Stimulus-Response Theory - Individual response to events(stimuli) that occur in the environment
Key concept “Reinforcer” – any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
Positive – favorable events or outcomes that are presented after a behavior
Negative – involve the removal of an unfavorable event or outcome after the display of a behavior
Punishment – opposite of reinforcement, decreases the frequency of the behavior by administering a negative consequence

4. Brainstorm 1st Fold a piece of paper into thirds
2nd Write the following headings on top of each column
POSITIVE NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
3rd Think of as many examples for each column as possible

5. Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs

7. Your hierarchy of needs
Use computer paper and draw a pyramid and two pictures in each level to represent each need. Make your examples personal to your life. Do not use my examples!
What does you need to survive?
What makes you feel safe?
How important are your friends & family?
What helps you feel good about yourself?
What strengths make you the person you are?

8. 8 Stages of Social Development
Erik Erikson
8 Stages of Social Development

9. 1st Trust vs. mistrust Birth to 18 Months
Also referred to as Oral Sensory Stage
This is where we learn to trust – life is okay
Emphasis is on
mother’s positive & loving care for child
Visual contact and trust

10. 2nd Autonomy vs. Shame 18 Months to 3 years
Basic Strengths: Self-Control, Courage and Will
Learn to master skills for ourselves
Learn finer motor development and toilet training
Learn right from wrong
Learn the word “NO”
Very vulnerable – if the child is shamed in the process it will suffer low self-esteem

11. 3rd Initiative vs. Guilt 3 to 5 years old
Copy the adults around us, take initiative in creating play situations
Begin to use the wonderful word “WHY”
Learn Social Role Identification
If frustrated over natural goals and desires, we may experience guilt

12. Create your own organizer
Draw an organizer that will be easy for you to follow, then place words or phrases in each section that will help you remember the first three stages of Erikson’s theory.
Trust
Mistrust
Autonomy
Shame
Initiative
Guilt

13. Maria Montessori
Informal Education

14. Children Teach Themselves
Build on what they find in the environment
Effortless ability to absorb knowledge from their surroundings
Does not get tired of manipulating materials
Teacher training – based on furthering the self-creating process of the child

15. Look around the Room
What can you learn about this room just by looking at everything in it?

16. Jean Piaget Four Stages of Cognitive Development 1 Sensory Motor 2
Pre-Operational 4
Formal Operational 3
Concrete Operational

17. Stage 1 Sensory-motor (Birth-2 yrs) Differentiates self from objects
Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise
  Achieves object permanence: realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense

18. Stage 2 Pre-operational (2-7 years)
Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words 
Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others
Classifies objects by a single feature: e.g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of color

19. Stage 3 Concrete operational (7-11 years)
Can think logically about objects and events 
Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9) 
Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size. 

20. Stage 4 Formal operational (11 years and up)
Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically 
Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems 

21. Class Activity
There are six stations located around the room. The class will be divided into six groups, each group will start at their group number. Read the scenario and decide in your group which one of Piaget’s stages it would be. I will direct you to the next station when everyone is ready.

22. Social Development Theory
Lev Vygotsky
Social Development Theory

23. Social Development Theory
Cultural development in a child appears twice
First on a social level
Second on the individual level
Cognitive Development depends on “zone of proximal development”
Full development depends on full social interaction
The range of skill that can be developed with adult guide and, or peer collaboration exceeds what can be done alone

24. Self Reflection
Think back to when you were a child, write down a skill that you learned and explain how a parent, teacher or friend helped you be more successful.