1. Presented by Mark Farrell, P.E. President- Water Resource Associates

2.  Direct Potable ◦ Treating wastewater to drinking water quality and introducing directly back into the drinking water system  Indirect Potable ◦ Treating wastewater to drinking water quality and dispersing into the environment to be recaptured for additional treatment for drinking water purposes

3.  What do you need to do to make drinking water out of wastewater? Risk Mitigation Treatment Public Acceptance Pathogens & Trace Organic Compounds  CarolloTemplateWaterWave.pptx  10

5. Types of Indirect Potable Reuse Saltwater Barrier Wastewater is treated twice Groundwater is recovered up-gradient from injection point Need recovery credits from regulators

6. Types of Indirect Potable Reuse ASR & Recovery Need viable confining unit Wastewater is treated twice Arsenic production no longer an issue

7. Types of Indirect Potable Reuse Recharge and Recovery Groundwater is recovered down- gradient from injection point Current Arsenic production issue “may” be an issue Need recovery credits from regulators

9.  Public Acceptance ◦ Concerns with health, taste and odor ◦ Very technical ◦ Media misrepresentations  Safety ◦ Human error ◦ Contaminant detection methods ◦ Buffers  Cost ◦ More costly than traditional sources

10.  Reclaimed water is owned by utility that produces  Wastewater introduced into the aquifer becomes a State of Florida resource ◦ The use of treated wastewater for direct potable purposes is not regulated by the WMDs because it is a utility property and not a resource of the state ◦ The use of treated wastewater for indirect potable purposes is regulated by the WMD but can be ultimately controlled by the utility  FDEP is preparing new regulations to treat reuse treatment as drinking water

11.  Contaminants of Concern (COC) ◦ Any substance that has an adverse effect on human health that is regulated in drinking water or under consideration at the National level  Constituents of Emerging Concern (CEC) ◦ Chemicals of compounds not regulated in drinking water or reclaimed water and/or not routinely monitored ◦ Constituents that have been present ion the environment for a long time, but for which analytical or health data have only recently become available (NRC, 2012)

12. CategoryExamples Disinfection byproductsChloroform, Trihalomethanes Household products and food additives Flame retardents, Sucralose IndustrialMethyl tertobutyl ether Naturally occurringHormones (17β-estradiol) Personal care product ingredients Fragrances, pigments, Sunscreen PesticidesAtrazine, Diuron, Lindane Pharmaceuticals and metabolites Analgesics, Antibacterials, Antibiotics,Betablockers, Oral contraceptives

13.  Reliability: A reliable system is redundant, robust and resilient  Redundancy: The use of multiple barriers for the same contaminant, so that risks can be properly managed even in the event of an upset or failure in a unit process.  Robustness: The use of a combination of treatment technologies to address a broad variety of contaminants and changes in concentration in source water.  Resilience: Protocols and strategies to address failures and bring systems back on-line.

14. Treatment Scheme Flow CapacityCapital Cost ($M/MGD) O&M Cost ($M/MGD) Secondary/Tertiary- Ozone-MF/UF-RO- UV/AOP-Stabilization 5$6.27$0.78 10$5.30$0.70 Secondary/Tertiary- MF/UF-RO-UV/AOP- Stabilization-Engineered Storage- WTP 5$5.38$0.77 10$4.66$0.70 MBR-RO-UV/AOP- Stabilization-Engineered Storage-WTP 5$5.63$0.81 10$4.88$0.73 Secondary/Tertiary- Ozone-BAC-MF/UF-UV- Chlorine 5$4.04$0.40 10$3.21$0.35 Secondary/Tertiary- Ozone-BAC-MF/UF- Chlorine- Engineered Storage- WTP 5$3.81$0.31 10$2.98$0.31 Secondary/Tertiary- Ozone-BAC-UV- Chlorine- Engineered Storage- WTP 5$2.32$0.12 10$1.72$0.11

16.  Direct potable reuse is the ultimate recycle for potable purposes  Florida trails the nation in the development of this water supply source  Cost information is still evolving as treatment trains are being evaluated for the best cost/benefit Recycling wastewater provides the best of both: ◦ Sustainable and cost effective water supply ◦ Water quality improvement for our coastal water bodies  Public information and safety is the key to development of direct potable reuse