2. Padma GM Rao Associate Dean & Chairperson Pharmacy Practice, RAKCOPS RAKMHSU Pharmaceutics Dispensing & General Pharmacy-ll

3. Pharmaceutics includes many subject areas, associated with steps to which a drug is subjected towards the end of its development. Scentific & technological aspects of the design & manufacture of dosage forms.

4. Different subject areas Physical pharmaceutics Biopharmaceutics Dosage form design Pharmaceutical technology Pharmaceutical Microbiology Pharmaceutical Practice

5.  What are medicines ? Medicines are drug delivery systems Administration of drugs to the body in a safe convenient reproducible efficient way Drug Medicine Addition of additives

6. Objectives of Dosage forms To achieve a predictable therapeutic response Types-Route of administration Oral Solution,Syrups,suspensions,Emulsions,gel s,powders,tablets,capsules,granules Rectal Suppositories,ointments,creams,powders Topical Ointment,cream,paste,lotions,patches

7. Objectives.Contd Parenteral Injections,suspensions,emulsions Respiratory Aerosols,inhalation,spray,gases Nasal Inhalers Eye& ear Solution,ointment,cream

8. Biphasic dosage forms Dosage forms consisting of two phases are called biphasic dosage forms. The two phases are the solid & the liquid phase. Solid phase is the dispersion phase & the liquid phase is the dispersed phase/continuous phase.

9. Common biphasic dosage forms Suspensions Emulsions Suspensions Colloidal suspensions - <1µm Coarse suspensions - >1µm

10. Suspensions Contents Definition Properties Type of suspensions Preparation of suspensions Stability of suspensions Advantages Disadvantages Summary

11. What are suspensions? Suspensions are pharmaceutical preparations containing finely divided particles which are uniformly distributed in a liquid Most pharmaceutical preparations the dispersion media is aqueous. Oily or organic dispersion media also exists.

12. Properties of suspensions Well formulated suspension must remain homogenous for at least the period b/w shaking and removing the required amount from the container. Sediment/creaming on storage must be easily resuspended by moderate agitation. Pour easily from the container to the site of application. Product should be smooth, elegant, resistant to microbial contamination.

13. Type of suspensions Oral/for oral suspensions Topical suspensions Parenteral suspensions

14. Oral suspensions Oral suspensions are usually administered to Children and old age group (pediatrics & geriatrics) since they find it difficult to sallow solid dosage forms Eg. Antacids For oral suspension Dry powder mixtures for reconstitution at the time of dispensing with suitable vehicle due to instability Eg.antibiotics

15. Topical External use Skin & mucous membrane (liquids & pastes) eg. Calamine lotion Zinc cream Parenteral o Control the rate of absorption o vary the size of particles eg. Tetanus vaccine Cholera vaccine Inhalation eg. Aerosols