1. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Automaticity, Resources, and Memory : Theoretical Controversies and Practical Implications Dept. of Industrial Systems & Information Engineering Korea University Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab Cha Yeon Joo

2. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Contents Introduction Facts about automaticity Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity Implication of Automaticity-as-memory Summary and Conclusions 1

3. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Introduction Two factions –Automaticity as a way to overcome resource limitation (old guard) –Memory phenomenon (revolutionary) Automaticity is a major factor in skill acquisition Memory view  training 2

4. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Facts about Automaticity Automaticity processing’s properties – Fast – Effortless – Autonomous of obligatory – Consistent of stereotypic – Unavailable to conscious awareness 3

5. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity Thesis : automaticity and resources Modal view – Automatic processing : without attention, require no capacity Questions 1.Why automatic processing has the properties it does - Fast, effortless, autonomous or obligatory, unconscious 2.How automaticity is learned - Not explain the development of automaticity - Practice ↑  demand for attention ↓ - Serious weakness of modal view 4

6. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity Thesis : automaticity and resources 5 3.How the properties of automaticity emerged with practice -Properties : characteristic of processes that require little or no capacity -Practice↑  capacity ↓  properties emerged 4.Why consistency of practice is so important -Modal view has difficulty dealing with this questions -Process-based learning

7. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity Antithesis : automaticity and memory Revolutionary view ‑ Automaticity is a memory phenomenon ‑ Single step, direct-access retrieval from memory ‑ Automatization build-up of information in memory ‑ Resources play no role in automatization  novice performance is limited by a lack of knowledge rather than by a lack of resources ‑ Automaticity associated with expertise 6

8. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity Antithesis : automaticity and memory Questions 1.Why automatic processing has the properties it does Those properties are characteristic of memory retrieval 2.How automaticity is learned Strengthening Table look-up Instance learning 3.How the properties of automaticity emerged with practice Practice ↑  memory retrieval ↑ 4.Why consistency of practice is so important Item-based learning 7

9. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Theoretical Approaches to Automaticity Synthesis : points of compatibility and compromise It is hard to say whether automaticity-as-memory will entirely replace the modal view Integrate two theories - possible ‑ Resource theory is strong on explaining novice performance and weak on learning ‑ Automaticity as memory is the opposite Logan’s memory instance theory ‑ Resource reduction : consequence of automatization rather than a cause ‑ Automatization could involve few resources compared ‑ Automatization is consequence of experience ‑ Attention to an object ‑ Encode to memory ‑ Retrieve whatever was associated 8

10. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Implication of Automaticity-as-memory Memory view can no longer be ignored Prediction (transfer of automaticity) ‑Modal view : predict broader transfer ‑Memory view : predict narrower transfer Predictions  design of training programs Levels of processing ‑ Modal view : Deeper levels demanding more resources ‑ Memory view : with better memory for deeper processing  Better memory facilitate automatization 9

11. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Context can have powerful effects on memory Match between context at encoding and context at retrieval was the crucial variable  Context is an important retrieval cue The consistency of the context is also an important consideration In memory view ‐ Context effect  automaticity, automatization Implication of Automaticity-as-memory - Context effects 10

12. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Training does not appear to produce immunity to dual-task interference Training programs should encourage trainees to treat the two tasks separately Training under a variety of dual-task conditions  To ignore the context Implication of Automaticity-as-memory - Dual-Task Conditions as Context 11

13. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Implication of Automaticity-as-memory - Levels-of-Processing Effects Levels of processing is a potent variable in memory research Memory phenomenon ‐ Levels of processing might have effect on automatization ‐ Deeper level : faster learning and better retention Training may be more effective if it involves a deeper level of processing Not understood theoretically 12

14. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Implication of Automaticity-as-memory - Implicit and Explicit Memory Explicit memory task ‐ R ecognition and recall ‐ Explicitly told to retrieve something from memory Implicit memory task ‐ Performs better on familiar materials ‐ No explicit instruction Not mutually exclusive 13

15. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Implication of Automaticity-as-memory - Procedural and Declarative Knowledge : Automaticity as Motor Skill Declarative knowledge - Knowledge of facts : knowing that Procedural knowledge - Knowledge of process : knowing how Skill acquisition - Transition : declarative knowledge  procedural knowledge Perceptual-motor skills - Both automatic and procedural 14

16. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Summary and Conclusions Resource theories of automaticity Memory view provides a new perspective on issues in automaticity and training 15

17. Korea University User Interface Lab Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab 11 15 Copyright 2008 by User Interface Lab Thank You