1. Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes or “insulin dependent” diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. There are approximately 275 million people world wide that suffer from this condition. Without sufficient insulin, the body lacks the ability to break down blood sugar and produce energy the body requires for cellular metabolism. Type 1 diabetes is fatal unless treated with exogenous insulin.

2. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon expressing cells. Timper et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Mar 24;341(4):1135-40. PMID: 16460677 Findings: Mesenchymal stem cells were shown to adopt a pancreatic endocrine phenotype in vitro and to completely reverse diabetes after injection in a mouse model. MSC’s to Treat Diabetes MSC’s have the ability to differentiate into insulin secreting cells. Insulin was the first protein to have its primary structure determined Chang, X., et al. Biochemistry v36 pp.9409-9422, 1997 Systemic administration of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells reverts hyperglycemia and prevents nephropathy in type 1 diabetic mice. Ezquer FE, Ezquer ME, Parrau DB, Carpio D, Yañez AJ, Conget PA. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2008 Jun;14(6):631-40.

3. MSC’s to Treat Diabetes by Suppression of the Immune Response Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevent the Rejection of Fully Allogenic Islet Grafts by the Immunosuppressive Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9. Ding et al. Diabetes. 2009 Aug. 58(8):1797-1806. PMID: 19509016 Findings: Mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow were shown to suppress T-cell proliferation after injection in a mouse model. MSC’s transplanted along with pancreatic islets prevented the rejection of transplanted allogenic pancreatic islets in mice. Islets of Langerhans

4. MSC’s to Treat Diabetes Reversal of hyperglycemia in diabetic rats by portal vein transplantation of islet- like cells generated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Wu et al. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun. 13(24):3342-3349. Findings: After injection these cells alleviated the hyperglycemia on a level comparable to natural Islet of Langerhans cells. BM-MSCIslet-like clusters In this paper they took bone marrow MSC’s and differentiated them into Islets of Langerhans cells and injected them into diabetic rats. InsulinGlucagon SomatostatinNC

5. MSC’s to Treat Diabetes Clinical Trials Clinical Trial forID Number MSC’s to treat Diabetic FootNCT00955669 MSC’s to treat Type 1 DiabetesNCT00646724MSC’s for Type 1 Diabetes MellitusNCT00690066MSC’s to treat Type 2 DiabetesNCT00767260 Data Source: www.clinicaltrials.govwww.clinicaltrials.gov