1. IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION

2. New Immigrants New Immigrants= Southern and Eastern Europeans during 1870s until WWI.  Came from Ireland, Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, Hungary and Russia.  Often unskilled, poor, Catholic or Jewish, and planning to save some money to take back home. Old Immigrants- Came before the Irish and German immigrants. After 1900, New Immigrants made up 70% of all immigrants. American natives felt threatened by the new immigrants

3. RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern EuropeEurope Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNortheast Became farmersUnskilled workers ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern EuropeEurope Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNortheast Became farmersUnskilled workers Old vs New Immigrants

4. Journey to America Many immigrants could barely afford a ticket to come to the U.S. They could only pack what they could carry. (Clothes, photograph, tools for their trade) Many would wait in line for hours to try to get on a ship and in many cases it was very dangerous to do this.

5. Journey to America Steerage= Where most immigrants traveled on the ship. Steerage was located on the lowest decks of the ship with no private cabins, and was dirty and crowded. Seasickness was an issue in rough weather and illnesses spread quickly in the lower decks.

6. Coming to America *In the five decades after the Civil War, roughly 1865-1915, a flood of immigrants came to America. From 1865 to 1900, some 13.5 million immigrants arrived in America.

7. Why did they come? * Wars, famine, religious persecution, and overpopulation were the four major reasons why people left Europe and came to the United States.

8. How did they get here? * Passage to the United States often cost a life’s savings. Because of this cost, entire families would often save enough money to send just one or two family members to America, hoping that eventually these members could afford to bring over the rest of the family.

10. On the Boat * The crowded steerage deck usually contained a diverse group of people. Many were poor farmers whose fathers’ or grandfathers’ land had been divided so often that the plots were no longer large enough to support even single families.

12. The Promise of a Better Life Others were schoolmasters unable to find work or artisans looking for greater opportunities. Many were young men and women willing to risk traveling to an unknown land in hopes of finding a brighter future.

13. Travel Dangers As for conditions below decks, an agent for the United States Immigration Commission described them as follows: “During the twelve days in the steerage I lived in…surroundings that offended every sense. Only a fresh breeze from the sea overcame the sickening odors. Everything was dirty, sticky, and disagreeable to the touch.” In such conditions, disease and even death were not uncommon.

14. Immigrants Arrive in America 2 ports of entry into the U.S.  Ellis Island- New York City  Angel Island- San Francisco Bay To enter the ports immigrants had to be healthy and show they had money, a skill, or a sponsor to provide for them. They had to go through a series of health tests and evaluations and could possibly be sent back to their homeland if they did not meet proper guidelines..

15. Ellis Island Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1 st “Immigration Center” Later, closed in the 1940s Today it is a museum. The goal was to “screen” immigrants coming from Europe. Immigrants took physical examinations and were held at Ellis Island before they were released to the US mainland.

16. Ellis Island Most European immigrants came through here. (NYC) 1 st and 2 nd class passengers were inspected on the ship then released. 3 rd class had to go in to be inspected. A series of medical and legal inspections would take place before you were allowed to take a ferry in to the city. Ellis Island was the more welcoming of the two ports.

17. Ellis Island *In 1890, Congress designated low-laying, three- acre Ellis Island in Upper New York Bay as an immigration station. By the end of 1910, six million immigrants had come through Ellis Island.

18. Inspection *The immigration inspection process was a humiliating and dehumanizing experience for many. Newly arrived immigrants were given medical inspections and asked 32 background questions. Immigrants with contagious diseases were shipped back.

19. With the huge numbers of immigrants, inspectors had just 2 minutes to complete the process and many immigrants had their last names changed by the inspectors because they didn’t have the time or patience to struggle with the foreign spellings.

20. Waiting *Long lines of immigrants were tagged according to what language they spoke and marked with chalk according to the medical ailments they suspected of having and they waited for the inspectors to decide their fate.

21. What was it like here for them? Some native-born Americans feared and resented the new immigrants. Their languages, religions, and customs seemed strange. They also competed for jobs. Desperate for jobs, immigrants often accepted lower wages and worse working conditions.

22. Where did they live? *The majority of immigrants settled in the big cities where factory jobs were available. By 1900, 4 out of every 5 people in New York City were immigrants or children of immigrants. * Many immigrants lived in areas with people of similar ethnic background. Such neighborhoods provided support but separated the immigrants from the rest of Americans thus slowing their assimilation into US culture.

23. In the Tenements *Many immigrants lived in crowded tenement buildings. Families shared living space and decent lighting & fresh air were scarce. *

24. Living Conditions Conditions were uncomfortable, crowed, and dirty. In New York, 1,231 people lived in only 120 rooms in one part of the city. In Chicago in one year, over 60% of newborns never reached their first birthdays. Many babies asphyxiated in their own homes.

25. “Five Cents a Spot” Rooms Many immigrants had no home and slept in 5 cents a spot rooms where people paid for a small space to spend the night. Can you imagine sleeping crowded against strangers?

26. Jacob Riis An immigrant himself, Jacob Riis was well known for his photographs documenting the lives of immigrants & the urban poor in his book How the Other Half Lives.

31. Angel Island Most Chinese and Asian immigrants came through here (San Francisco Bay) Opened in 1910. Made it very hard for Chinese immigrants to come into the U.S. Most had to prove they were American citizens to be let in. Immigrants were sometimes left here for days or weeks in poor conditions.

34. Two Different Worlds 1 extravagant lifestyles  The wealthy lived extravagant lifestyles and considered themselves elitists. caste system  The common people resented their snobbish attitudes and wealth. There was a caste system in the U.S.  1861---------3 millionaires----------1900--------3,800  1900, 90% of wealth, controlled by 10% of population.

35. 1900  76 million population  60% lived in rural areas1900  76 million population  60% lived in rural areas 1870  40 million population  75% lived in rural areas1870  40 million population  75% lived in rural areas

36. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. 1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. 1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark. Cities

37. Cities grew rapidly  near raw materials  industrial areas  transportation routes.  Opportunities in the job market. Terrible Conditions  Poor sanitary and living conditions  Tenement apartments  Sweathouses

38. Immigrants Settle in Cities urbanization  Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities  Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs  Americanization  Americanization—assimilate people into main culture  Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills  English, American history, cooking, etiquette  Ethnic communities provide social support

39. Migration from Country to City  Farm technology decreases need for laborers; people move to cities  Many African Americans in South lose their livelihood  1890–1910, move to cities in North, West to escape racial violence  Find segregation, discrimination in North too  Competition for jobs between blacks, white immigrants causes tension

40. Crop prices decrease, new machinery and corrupt railroads forced many farmers to look for new jobs.

41. Housing  Working-class families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses  Later, row houses built for single families  Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house  Tenements - multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary (dumbbells, explained soon!) Transportation  Mass transit  Mass transit —move large numbers of people along fixed routes  By 20 th century, transit systems link city to suburbs

43. Water  1860s cities have inadequate or no piped water, indoor plumbing rare  Filtration introduced 1870s, chlorination in 1908 Sanitation  Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection  Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses-------often do not do job properly  By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments

44. Crime  As population grows, thieves flourish  Early police forces too small to be effective Fire  Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters  Most firefighters volunteers, not always available  1900, most cities have full-time, professional fire departments  Fire sprinklers, non-flammable building materials make cities safer

45. Cities provided opportunities Machine-made jobs High wages Ended monotony of the farm Cities provided opportunities Machine-made jobs High wages Ended monotony of the farm

46. Job opportunities for Women School teaching Domestic service Women doctors Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910. Job opportunities for Women School teaching Domestic service Women doctors Lawyers, typists, telephone girls, librarians, journalists and social workers. Women gainfully employed rose from 2.5 million in 1880 to 8 million in 1910.

47. Cities were attractive with telephones bright lights and electricity. Central heating public water systems indoor plumbing sewage disposal asphalt pavements and transportation. Cities were attractive with telephones bright lights and electricity. Central heating public water systems indoor plumbing sewage disposal asphalt pavements and transportation.

48. Cities had many faces Slums Criminals Beggars Pollution bad smells grafters (corrupt politicians) Cities had many faces Slums Criminals Beggars Pollution bad smells grafters (corrupt politicians)

51. Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community

52. Many American nativists disliked new immigrants because they would not assimilate into American society. Would stay segregated in their ethnic neighborhoods. It’s why we have Chinatowns, Japantown, North Beach, the Mission (which started for the Irish), etc.

53. Immigrants Assimilate Into Society Assimilate = to fit in. Most immigrants stayed in cities and lived in ethnic neighborhoods called ghettos. These neighborhoods would share the same language, religion, and culture. By 1890 many cities had a huge immigrant population. 80% of the people in NYC were immigrants.

54. Assimilation Americanization = helping newcomers learn American ways. (Language, customs, dress, and diet) In many cities Americanization institutions arose to help immigrants fit in. America became known as the “Melting Pot”. Immigrants usually stuck with their native cultures but children of immigrants were more likely to adopt American ways.

55. Immigrants Face Hostility Nativism = belief that native born white Americans were superior to immigrants. Competition for jobs and homes often fueled resentment and religious and cultural differences caused tensions as well. Chinese Exclusion Act = 1882 Prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers, limited civil rights of immigrants in America, and forbade naturalization of Chinese residents. A later ruling said the Chinese who were already in America were considered U.S. citizens.

56. Chinese Exclusion Act Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese. First law to restrict immigration. Taking away jobs from Nativists

57. President Hayes vetoed this act and Congress would override it. He would not be re- elected. Chinese immigration would be outlawed until the 1920’s.

58. Congress also passed another act that prohibited the entry of anyone who was a criminal, immoral, or someone who was handicapped. These were the beginnings of immigration restriction in America. A quota act is later going to be placed on how many immigrants can come to the U.S. from a given country.

59. Immigrants Change America Immigrants changed America in many ways.  Fueled industrial growth  Acquired citizenship  Elected politicians  Made their traditions a part of American culture.  Mexican Americans developed ranching techniques.  Chinese, Irish, and Mexican workers built railroads.  Immigrants worked in coal mines, steel and textile mills, and factories.  Women immigrants worked in factories, seamstresses, laundresses, made piecework, and worked as servants.  Immigrants helped the U.S. become a world power.

60. Kept detailed files on people who received their help Decided who was worthy of help Wanted immigrants to adopt American, middle-class standards. Sought to apply the gospel teachings of Christ: charity and justice to society’s problems. Moved into poor communities settlement housesTheir settlement houses served as community centers and social service agencies. Hull HouseHull House, founded by Jane Addams a model settlement house in Chicago, offered cultural events, classes, childcare, employment assistance, and health-care clinics. The Charity Organization Movement The Social Gospel Movement The Settlement Movement