1. Turtle Dissection

3. Scientists believe other land vertebrates evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish

4. TURTLE LATIN meaning KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ CLASS _______________________________ ORDER _____________________________ ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” REPTILIA “to creep or crawl” CHELONIA “tortoise”

5. INTEGUMENT THICK, DRY, SCALY SKIN Contains KERATIN (protein) LIPIDS & PROTEINS make it water tight

6. ADVANTAGES over thin, moist Amphibian skin 1.WATER TIGHT - Keeps them from drying out on land 2.TOUGH PROTECTION – - prevents injury, keeps out germs, - prevents wear & tear on skin when crawling around on land

7. Image from: http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-lgb/creatures-animaux/reptiles/index_e.asp

8. SHELL IS LIVING PART OF BODY Expanded ribs form shell Can regenerate damaged scutes Growth rings tell age

9. Limbs at right angles to body

10. Location of Pelvic and Pectoral girdles allow turtle to pull limbs into shell http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~eeob/anatomy/eeob512/miscellaneous/turtleskeleton.jpg

11. Nictitating membrane Tympanic membrane External nares Only reptiles with NO TEETH

12. Claws on feet

13. VENT

14. WHAT SEX IS IT? FEMALES: MALES: Short tail Longer tail Vent closer Vent farther from body

15. MALE PLASTRON slightly CONCAVE to fit on top of female CURVE OF PLASTRON FEMALE PLASTRON slightly CONVEX to make more room for eggs

16. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting Image from: http://www.turtletimes.com/PhotoContest/2001PhotoContests/May2001/Geoemyda%20spengleri%20mating.jpg Penis deposits sperm inside female’s body

17. GLOTTIS – respiratory opening

18. PHARYNX GULLET GLOTTIS INTERNAL NARES

19. Ectothermic Body heat comes from surrounding environment Slow metabolism/low activity in cold places “cold-blooded” EX: All invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

20. ECTOTHERMIC ADVANTAGES: Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm DISADVANTAGES: Can’t to live in extremely cold places (NO reptiles in Arctic) Can’t keep up max activity level for long

21. Endothermic “warm-blooded” Create own body heat FAST metabolism allows for: high activity for extended time ability to live in variety of environments EX: Birds, Mammals

22. PELVIC & PECTORAL GIRDLES inside ribs PERICARDIAL MEMBRANE Covers & protects heart

23. EXCRETORY URINARY BLADDER

24. Image from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html Vent

25. LIVER Makes BILE Stores GLYCOGEN Stores VITAMINS Processes TOXINS including nitrogen waste for kidneys

26. Image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/turtle/turtledissectlist.html

27. GALL BLADDER Stores BILE

28. STOMACH Add ACID; Start DIGESTION; Grind & mash food

29. MESENTERY

30. PANCREAS In mesentery near first loop of small intestine Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON

31. SMALL INTESTINE Duodenum Ileum LARGE INTESTINE (Also called COLON)

32. CLOACA

33. SPLEEN Make, store, recycle RBC’s

34. TURTLE HEART 3 CHAMBERS 2 atria; 1 ventricle Sinus Venosus & Conus Arteriosus are smaller PARTIAL SEPTUM: begins to divide ventricle into two sides Image from: BIODIDAC

35. FISH

36. Sinus venosus RIGHT Atrium Ventricle Conus arteriosus      Lungs Body organs LEFT Atrium          FROG/TURTLE CIRCULATION

37. REPTILES Can bypass lungs to save energy Holding breath underwater Hibernating When want to warm up quickly

38. ENDOCRINE Glands that make hormones that control other body organs THYROID: located above heart Makes hormones that control heart rate, blood pressure; cell development and growth PANCREAS controls blood sugar levels

40. TRACHEA & ESOPHAGUS

41. BRONCHI

42. LUNGS HAVE ALVEOLI FROG LUNGTURTLE LUNG Increase surface area for more gas exchange Images modified from: http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif

43. REPRODUCTIVE MALEFEMALE Images modified from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/index.html Vent

44. OVARY- make eggs OVIDUCT- add shells transport to cloaca

45. Image from: BIODIDAC EPIDIDYMIS –sperm mature here; add tails TESTES – make sperm

46. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION Increases chances of sperm and egg meeting Image from: http://www.turtletimes.com/PhotoContest/2001PhotoContests/May2001/Geoemyda%20spengleri%20mating.jpg

47. DIRECT DEVELOPMENT Image from: http://www.neuroscientist.com/animimag/turtles.htm

48. SEX is determined by TEMPERATURE of NEST Image from: http://www.parcplace.org/documents/GeneralHerpInfo/learnabout2.htm

49. Types of Reproduction

50. Ways offspring enter world OVIPARITY- Reproductive tract encloses egg in a protective shell Eggs deposited outside body to hatch Nourishment comes from egg EX: Most reptiles,birds & a few mammals (monotremes)

51. VIVIPARITY- No shell around egg Eggs retained in body Nourished by mother through placenta Offspring are born alive Ex: Mammals & some reptiles Ways offspring enter world

52. OVOVIVIPARITY- Egg surrounded by protective shell but kept in body until just before hatching or can hatch inside female Nourishment comes from egg not mother Ex: Some reptiles (snakes) Ways offspring enter world

53. OVI PARITY OVOVIVI PARITY VIVI PARITY SHELL? NO SHELL? Embryo grows? Food comes From? Seen in? SHELL OUTSIDE EGG Birds, Reptiles, Few mammals NO SHELL INSIDE MOTHER Mammals, few reptiles SHELL INSIDE EGG Reptiles

54. AMNIOTIC EGG

55. NERVOUS COMPLEX BRAIN DORSAL SPINAL CORD (Spine is fused to shell)

57. TURTLE BRAIN BIGGER CEREBRUM than same sized amphibian Image modified from: http://theturtlepages.crosswinds.net/anatomy/reprodexc.html

58. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Internal fertilization- (Penis) increases chances of sperm finding egg allows addition of protective shell Amniotic eggs- can lay eggs on land now; better protection for embryos Partial septum- better separation on high/low oxygen blood

59. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Other kinds of reproduction- (OVOVIVIPARITY; VIVIPARITY) increases chances for offspring survival Control over Pulmonary circulation can shift blood away from lungs to body when needed Dry, scaly skin better able to live on land

60. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? Nitrogen waste = uric acid AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID Least toxic form; Needs least water to dilute conserves water Bigger cerebrum- “smarter”; more complex behaviors

61. WHAT’S IN REPTILES? LUNGS have ALVEOLI increases surface area for more gas exchange Sex depends on temperature of eggs- can change sex based on population needs