1. CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE http://d3s.mff.cuni.cz/~jezek faculty of mathematics and physics Advanced.NET Programming I 10 th Lecture Pavel Ježek pavel.jezek@d3s.mff.cuni.cz Some of the slides are based on University of Linz.NET presentations. © University of Linz, Institute for System Software, 2004 published under the Microsoft Curriculum License (http://www.msdnaa.net/curriculum/license_curriculum.aspx)

2. C# 3.0 Features Implicitly Typed Local Variables Extension Methods Lambda Expressions Object Initializers Collection Initializers Anonymous Types Expression Trees Query Expressions C# 3.0 compiler and.NET 3.5 libraries are part of Visual Studio 2008

3. Implicitly Typed Local Variables Examples: var i = 5; var s = "Hello"; var d = 1.0; var numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3}; var orders = new Dictionary (); Are equivalent to: int i = 5; string s = "Hello"; double d = 1.0; int[] numbers = new int[] {1, 2, 3}; Dictionary orders = new Dictionary (); Errors: var x; // Error, no initializer to infer type from var y = {1, 2, 3}; // Error, collection initializer not permitted var z = null; // Error, null type not permitted

4. Extension Methods Declaration: public static partial class Extensions { public static int ToInt32(this string s) { return Int32.Parse(s); } } Usage: string s = "1234"; int i = s.ToInt32(); // Same as Extensions.ToInt32(s) Instance methods take precedence over extension methods Extension methods imported in inner namespace declarations take precedence over extension methods imported in outer namespace declarations

5. Extension Methods (2) Declaration: public static partial class Extensions { public static T[] Slice (this T[] source, int index, int count) { if (index < 0 || count < 0 || source.Length – index < count) throw new ArgumentException(); T[] result = new T[count]; Array.Copy(source, index, result, 0, count); return result; } } Usage: int[] digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}; int[] a = digits.Slice(4, 3); // Same as Extensions.Slice(digits, 4, 3)

6. Lambda Expressions Example of C# 2.0 anonymous method: class Program { delegate T BinaryOp (T x, T y); static void Method (BinaryOp op, T p1, T p2) { Console.WriteLine(op(p1, p2)); } static void Main() { Method(delegate(int a, int b) { return a + b; }, 1, 2); } C# 3.0 lambda expressions provide further simplification: class Program { delegate T BinaryOp (T x, T y); static void Method (BinaryOp op, T p1, T p2) { Console.WriteLine(op(p1, p2)); } static void Main() { Method((a, b) => a + b, 1, 2); }

7. Lambda Expressions (2) Expression or statement body Implicitly or explicitly typed parameters Examples: x => x + 1 // Implicitly typed, expression body x => { return x + 1; } // Implicitly typed, statement body (int x) => x + 1 // Explicitly typed, expression body (int x) => { return x + 1; } // Explicitly typed, statement body (x, y) => x * y // Multiple parameters () => Console.WriteLine() // No parameters A lambda expression is a value, that does not have a type but can be implicitly converted to a compatible delegate type delegate R Func (A arg); Func f1 = x => x + 1; // Ok Func f2 = x => x + 1; // Ok Func f3 = x => x + 1; // Error – double cannot be // implicitly converted to int

8. Lambda Expressions (3) Lambda expressions participate in inference process of type arguments of generic methods In initial phase, nothing is inferred from arguments that are lambda expressions Following the initial phase, additional inferences are made from lambda expressions using an iterative process

9. Lambda Expressions (4) Generic extension method example: public class List : IEnumerable, … { … } public static class Sequence { public static IEnumerable Select ( this IEnumerable source, Func selector) { foreach (T element in source) yield return selector(element); } Calling extension method with lambda expression: List customers = GetCustomerList(); IEnumerable names = customers.Select(c => c.Name); Rewriting extension method call: IEnumerable names = Sequence.Select (customers, c => c.Name); T type argument is inferred to Customer based on source argument type Sequence.Select (customers, c => c.Name) c lambda expression argument type is infered to Customer Sequence.Select (customers, (Customer c) => c.Name) S type argument is inferred to string based on return value type of the lambda expression Sequence.Select (customers, (Customer c) => c.Name)

10. Object Initializers Class representing a point: public class Point { private int x, y; public int X { get { return x; } set { x = value; } } public int Y { get { return y; } set { y = value; } } } New instance can be created using object initializer: var a = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 }; Which is equivalent to: var a = new Point(); a.X = 0; a.Y = 1;

11. Object Initializers (2) Class representing a rectangle: public class Rectangle { private Point p1, p2; public Point P1 { get { return p1; } set { p1 = value; } } public Point P2 { get { return p2; } set { p2 = value; } } } New instance can be created using object initializer: var r = new Rectangle { P1 = new Point { X = 0, Y = 1 }, P2 = new Point { X = 2, Y = 3 } }; Which is equivalent to: var r = new Rectangle(); var __p1 = new Point(); __p1.X = 0; __p1.Y = 1; r.P1 = __p1; var __p2 = new Point(); __p2.X = 2; __p2.Y = 3; r.P2 = __p2;

12. Object Initializers (3) Class representing a rectangle with constructor that allocates p1 and p2: public class Rectangle { private Point p1 = new Point(); private Point p2 = new Point(); public Point P1 { get { return p1; } } public Point P2 { get { return p2; } } } New instance can be created using object initializer: var r = new Rectangle { P1 = { X = 0, Y = 1 }, P2 = { X = 2, Y = 3 } }; Which is equivalent to: var r = new Rectangle(); r.P1.X = 0; r.P1.Y = 1; r.P2.X = 2; r.P2.Y = 3;

13. Collection Initializers Example: List digits = new List { 0, 1, 2}; Is equivalent to: List digits = new List (); digits.Add(0); digits.Add(1); digits.Add(2); List has to implement System.Collections.Generic.ICollection interface with the Add(T) method

14. Combining Object and Collection Initializers Class representing a contact with name and list of phone numbers: public class Contact { private string name; private List phoneNumbers = new List (); public string Name { get { return name; } set { name = value; } } public List PhoneNumbers { get { return phoneNumbers; } } } List of contacts can be created and initialized with: var contacts = new List { new Contact { Name = "Chris Smith", PhoneNumbers = { "206-555-0101", "425-882-8080" } }, new Contact { Name = "Bob Harris", PhoneNumbers = { "650-555-0199" } } }; Which is equivalent to: var contacts = new List (); var __c1 = new Contact(); __c1.Name = "Chris Smith"; __c1.PhoneNumbers.Add("206-555-0101"); __c1.PhoneNumbers.Add("425-882-8080"); contacts.Add(__c1); var __c2 = new Contact(); __c2.Name = "Bob Harris"; __c2.PhoneNumbers.Add("650-555-0199"); contacts.Add(__c2);

15. Auto-implemented Properties Backed up by a private field normally inaccessible to programmer (only via the property): class LightweightCustomer { public double TotalPurchases { get; set; } public string Name { get; private set; }// read-only public int CustomerID { get; private set; } // read-only }

16. Anonymous Types Following expression: new { p1 = e1, p2 = e2, … pn = en } Can be used to define an anonymous type : class __Anonymous1 { private T1 f1 ; private T2 f2 ; … private Tn fn ; public T1 p1 { get { return f1 ; } set { f1 = value ; } } public T2 p2 { get { return f2 ; } set { f2 = value ; } } … public T1 p1 { get { return f1 ; } set { f1 = value ; } } } And create its instance using object initializer Different anonymous object initilizers that define properties with same names in the same order generate the same anonymous type: var p1 = new { Name = "Lawnmower", Price = 495.00 }; var p2 = new { Name = "Shovel", Price = 26.95 }; p1 = p2;

17. Partial Methods Can appear only in partial classes or structs, and must be void, private and without out parameters: partial class A { string _name; partial void OnNameChanged(); public string Name { set { _name = value; OnNameChanged(); } partial class A { partial void OnNameChanged() { // Do something }

18. Query Expressions – Examples Query expression: from c in customers where c.City == "London“ select c Gets translated to: customers.Where(c => c.City == "London")

19. Query Expressions – Examples Query expression: from c in customers where c.City == "London" select c.Name Gets translated to: customers.Where(c => c.City == "London").Select(c => c.Name)

20. Query Expressions – Examples Query expression: from c in customers orderby c.Name select new { c.Name, c.City } Gets translated to: customers.OrderBy(c => c.Name).Select(c => new { Name = c.Name, Phone = c.City })

21. Query Expressions – Examples Query expression: from c in customers where c.City == "London" orderby c.Name select new { c.City, c.Name } Gets translated to: customers.Where(c => c.City == "London").OrderBy(c => c.Name).Select(c => new { c.City, c.Name }) NOTE – is equivalent to (i.e. “c” variables in lambdas are not related to each other): customers.Where(c1 => c1.City == "London").OrderBy(c2 => c2.Name).Select(c3 => new { c3.City, c3.Name })