1. Tim Phillips IMI Europe Tech Talks InPrint Industrial Print Show 2015 Ink testing for industrial printers

2. 1.Ink design 2.Ink testing strategy 3.Typical test equipment 4.It doesn’t jet! 5.Summary Presentation outline

3. What do you need to know before formulating an ink? Type of printhead technology – e.g. DOD or CIJ, piezo or thermal? Application properties – e.g. colour, adhesion, lightfastness Restrictions – e.g. VOCs, food compatibility, heavy metals Process requirements – e.g. throughput, low energy consumption These requirements will define the inks, and therefore the tests needed Ink design

4. Ink design & test strategy Prototype Ink Development Scale-up Ink Productisation Materials Screening Product Compatibility: Printhead Substrate Process Ink components Restrictions Basic characterisation: Viscosity Surface tension Particle size Dry/cure speed Printability Substrate interaction End-use properties Full characterisation: As per prototype Drop formation Printing parameters Reliability Print quality Process Ageing stability Verify properties Define QC tests Quality testing: Components Inks

5. Establish type of printhead and its limitations Establish type of ink, e.g. aqueous, solvent, oil, UV- curable, phase change Establish main components of ink, e.g. solvents, colorants, reactive materials Which of these components may interact with printer components, e.g. printhead, ink delivery system, ink tanks Test compatibility of parts with identified risky chemicals Monitor for changes in weight, appearance, structure over time Ambient and accelerated ageing Ink testing strategy - materials screening

6. Formulate prototype ink formulations Perform basic characterisation prior to printing Viscosity Surface tension Particle size, sedimentation rate Drying or curing rate Print if properties appear acceptable – Printing is only way to fully test an ink! Assess printability Assess interaction with substrate Assess end-user properties Ink testing strategy - prototype ink development

7. Inks demonstrate all targeted end-user properties Optimise inks for production performance Test under pilot production conditions: Drop formation properties Printing parameters, e.g. waveform, drive voltage Printing reliability Start/stop tests Develop process parameters with sensitivity analysis Assess print quality Assess/estimate shelf life of inks through ageing studies Repeat testing under production printing conditions Ink testing strategy - ink productisation

8. Develop large volume ink manufacturing process Assess batch-to-batch variation of raw materials Assess batch-to-batch variation of inks Verify physical properties Verify printing properties Verify end-user properties Define QC parameters Ink testing strategy - scale-up

9. Quality control checks are vital Calibration of QC equipment Raw materials Ink Data records Retain batch samples Ink sub-components Ink itself Ink testing strategy - product

10. Viscosity/rheology Surface tension Particle size Sedimentation rate Drop formation Print quality analysis Metrology Colour measurement End-user properties Typical test equipment

11. Viscosity/rheology Measure of the resistance to motion of a given fluid If viscosity is too high, ink will not flow out of nozzles If viscosity is too low, ink will eject with poor control Complicated by high shear conditions at nozzles Influenced by: Types and concentrations of polymers used Solids content Compatibility of ink components Typically characterised using low shear Brookfield viscometers Rheometers for measuring low viscosity fluids at high shear available, e.g. ARES rheometer The inkjet printhead is the best rheometer to use!

12. Surface tension Controls: Jet break-up process, i.e. formation of drops Faceplate wetting Ink channel re-fill Interaction between printed drop and substrate Dynamic process Typical tests: Static surface tension: DuNouy ring methods Dynamic surface tension: Maximum bubble pressure tensiometer (Kruss BP2) Contact angle: Theta optical tensiometer (KSV Instruments) Drop formation studies

13. Particle size Particulate content in inkjet inks typically sub-micron Aggregation causes blockage of nozzles Important to measure particle size over time for: Dispersions Inks Timed filtration of fixed quantity of ink Does not give particle size Provides quick indication of problems Light scattering systems used to measure particle sizes e.g. Malvern Nanosizer Important not to over-dilute samples

14. Sedimentation rate Increasingly important parameter as denser materials become more routinely used A Turbiscan system can give vital data on migration rates and rate of change of particle size Clarification Sedimentation Packing Size increase

15. Other fluid properties Other fluid property measurements include: Conductivity pH Amount of dissolved gas Degree and type foaming Recirculating flow characterisation

16. Drop formation Drop visualisation tools are key to successful ink development Enable: Development and optimisation of printing parameters Determination of window of printing reliability Development of maintenance requirements Diagnosis of printing failure modes JetXpert - stroboscopic system capable of single event capture for imaging single drops

17. Drop formation 2 Characterise: Drop volume, velocity, trajectory Ligament length, volume, break-off length Satellites Nozzle plate wetting

18. Print quality analysis Degree and type of analysis required highly dependent on application Typical measurements include: Feature size/quality: dot size, dot roundness, dot axis ratio line width, line edge raggedness Image attributes: satellites, contrast, colour bleed, mottle, pinholes Dot placement accuracy: dot-to-dot spacing, relative displacement of dots from a datum point

19. Metrology Crucial for materials deposition applications Measure 3D profiles to determine: Film thickness Aspect ratios Uniformity over areas Stylus and optical systems available Preference towards optical systems must be assessed for measurement artefacts Profilometers include Nanofocus, Altimet, Veeco

20. Colour measurement Measurements must always be performed on the real substrate Densitometer measurement of optical density (X-Rite) UV/Vis measurement of absorption characteristics (Perkin-Elmer) Spectrophotometer measurement of colour coordinates, generation of ICC profiles (X-Rite) Flop index characterisation of metallic effect coatings

21. Colour measurement Measurement/definition of the colour gamut of great importance 3D colour space Choice of colorants determines region of achievable colours Fastness - measure of resistance of chroma against environmental impact: Lightfastness Washfastness Solvent fastness Gas fastness

22. End-user properties How does the printed ink perform in the application? Commonly encountered measurements are: Adhesion: cross-hatch tape test Hardness: pencil hardness test Flexibility: 180˚ bend test Stress/strain curve: strain gauge Degree of cure: smudge test Conductivity/resistivity: 4-point probe Refractive index: refractometer Hydrophobicity: contact angle

23. It doesn’t jet! Or at least it doesn’t jet well enough … Is it the: Ink? Printhead? Something else, e.g. ink delivery system, motion system, environmental conditions? Inkjet is a complex multi-disciplinary area Need understanding of all components of a printing system Step-by-step testing and evaluation of ink properties during development minimises time to product launch need for excessive aftersales intervention

24. Diagnosing issues Most printing issues can be diagnosed using: A drop visualisation system A nozzle test pattern A microscope ALL printing issues can be diagnosed using: Understanding of underlying chemistry of ink and substrate Understanding of the characteristics of the printhead Understanding the characteristics of the ink delivery system Understanding of the operation of the motion system

25. Summary Ink testing is crucial to the successful implementation of inkjet printing in an industrial production environment Different applications will require different types of testing Ink developments should be performed with industrialisation in mind Test, test and TEST!