2. Ion Exchange Resin:

4. SERVICE

5. RESIN BEAD Cation resin bead attract and hold positively charged ions.Cation resin bead attract and hold positively charged ions. Those ions remain on the bead until the bead encounters other ions for which it has a greater affinity.Those ions remain on the bead until the bead encounters other ions for which it has a greater affinity.

6. Resin bead releases Na + and absorbs Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions for which it has a greater attraction.Resin bead releases Na + and absorbs Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions for which it has a greater attraction. Ions are not destroyed or changed chemically;Ions are not destroyed or changed chemically; they are simply replaced on the resin bead. This process is known as ion exchange. This process is known as ion exchange.

7. ION EXCHANGE Resin beads attract Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions andResin beads attract Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions and release Na + Water has been softened because the Ca +2 and Mg +2 concentrations, which cause water hardness have been reduced.Water has been softened because the Ca +2 and Mg +2 concentrations, which cause water hardness have been reduced.

8. After a vast number of Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions have become attached to the resin beads, and most of the Na + ions have been released, the resin can no longer soften the water.After a vast number of Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions have become attached to the resin beads, and most of the Na + ions have been released, the resin can no longer soften the water. If no new chemical reaction is set, the incoming Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions flow untouched through the unit because there is no room for them on the resin beads. If no new chemical reaction is set, the incoming Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions flow untouched through the unit because there is no room for them on the resin beads.

9. The reaction can be reversed by greatly increasing the concentration of sodium in the solution.The reaction can be reversed by greatly increasing the concentration of sodium in the solution. Reverse process drive the Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions off the resin beads and replace them with Na + ions.Reverse process drive the Ca +2 and Mg +2 ions off the resin beads and replace them with Na + ions. This process is called REGENERATION.This process is called REGENERATION.

10. Exchange Resin Selectivity Cation exchanger (SAC) Fe +3 > Cr +3 > Al +3 > Ra +2 > Ba +2 > Ca +2 > Mg +2 > K +1 > NH 3 +1 > Na +1 > Li +1 > H +1 Anion exchanger (SBA) Type II SO 4 -2 > NO 3 -2 > CO 3 -2 > HCO 3 -1 > Cl -1 > OH -1

11. Rapid Rule of Thumb For quick calculations multiply the half number of occupants by your estimated hardness and round up. This will give you the result in Unit Kilograins. Form our previous example; –Unit Capacity 3 X 10 / 2 –Unit Capacity = 15 KGr.

12. Salt Usage

15. Effects Of Salting Levels Lowering salt dose 1.Increases Efficiency 2.Increases contaminant build-up 3.Increases hardness leakage Increasing salt dose 1.Decreases efficiency 2.Cleans the resin deeper reducing contaminants 3.Decreases hardness leakage

16. Leakage vs Salt Dosage Regenerant Capacity Harness lbs./cu.ft. 100 percent NaCl kgrn/cu.ft. as CaCO 3 leakage, ppm as CaCO 3 3 11.9 28.01 4 14.9 20.08 5 17.6 15.22 6 19.8 11.95 8 22.9 7.89 10 25.1 5.51 15 28.6 2.58 20 30.8 1.42 Note: This rating is based on the following conditions: inlet TDS of 1,000 ppm as CaCO 3 ; inlet hardness of 500 ppm as CaCO 3 (29 grains/gallon); 0.85 engineering factor; four-foot bed depth.

17. Leakage vs Salt Dosage

18. Contact Time vs Softening Capacity

19. Regenerant Conc. vs Operating Capacity

24. ASB2 Resin Used for removal of Sulphates and Alkalinity form water. Absolute Capacity – 1.2 eq/l x 22,000 = 26KGr. as CaCo 3 / cu. ft. Useable Capacity –0.6 eq/l x 22,000 = 13KGr. CaCO 3 / cu. ft. Sample Calculation –Sulphate = 800 mg/l = 1.04 x 800 = 832 mg/l –Alkalinity = 200 mg/l = 200 mg/l

25. ASB2 Resin Sample Calculation –Sulphate = 800 mg/l = 1.04 x 800 = 832 mg/l –Alkalinity = 200 mg/l = 200 mg/l –Added together 832 + 200 = 1032 mg/l –Converting to grains 1032/17.1 = 60 Grains/Gal. Gallons per cycle = 13000/30 = 216 Gallons

26. Iron and Tannins