1. John C. Kotz State University of New York, College at Oneonta John C. Kotz Paul M. Treichel John Townsend http://academic.cengage.com/kotz Chapter 1 Matter and Measurement

2. Important – Read Before Using Slides in Class Instructor: This PowerPoint presentation contains photos and figures from the text, as well as selected animations and videos. For animations and videos to run properly, we recommend that you run this PowerPoint presentation from the PowerLecture disc inserted in your computer. Also, for the mathematical symbols to display properly, you must install the supplied font called “Symb_chm,” supplied as a cross-platform TrueType font in the “Font_for_Lectures” folder in the "Media" folder on this disc. If you prefer to customize the presentation or run it without the PowerLecture disc inserted, the animations and videos will only run properly if you also copy the associated animation and video files for each chapter onto your computer. Follow these steps: 1.Go to the disc drive directory containing the PowerLecture disc, and then to the “Media” folder, and then to the “PowerPoint_Lectures” folder. 2.In the “PowerPoint_Lectures” folder, copy the entire chapter folder to your computer. Chapter folders are named “chapter1”, “chapter2”, etc. Each chapter folder contains the PowerPoint Lecture file as well as the animation and video files. For assistance with installing the fonts or copying the animations and video files, please visit our Technical Support at http://academic.cengage.com/support or call (800) 423-0563. Thank you. http://academic.cengage.com/support

3. 3 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Welcome to the World of Chemistry PLAY MOVIE

4. 4 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage The Language of Chemistry CHEMICAL ELEMENTS -CHEMICAL ELEMENTS - –pure substances that cannot be decomposed by ordinary means to other substances. Sodium Bromine Aluminum

5. 5 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Aluminum + Bromine PLAY MOVIE

6. 6 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage The Language of Chemistry The elements, their names, and symbols are given on the PERIODIC TABLEThe elements, their names, and symbols are given on the PERIODIC TABLE How many elements are there?How many elements are there? 117 elements117 elements

7. 7 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage The Periodic Table Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 - 1907)

8. 8 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Glenn Seaborg (1912-1999 ) Discovered 8 new elements.Discovered 8 new elements. Only living person for whom an element was named.Only living person for whom an element was named.

9. 9 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Copper atoms on silica surface. See Chemistry Now Screen 1.4 An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element.An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical properties of the element. Distance across = 1.8 nanometer (1.8 x 10 -9 m)

10. 10 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage An atom consists of a nucleusnucleus –(of protons and neutrons) electrons in space about the nucleus.electrons in space about the nucleus. The Atom

11. 11 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage The red compound is composed of nickel (Ni) (silver) carbon (C) (black) hydrogen (H) (white) oxygen (O) (red) nitrogen (N) (blue) CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS are composed of atoms and so can be decomposed to those atoms.

12. 12 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage A MOLECULE is the smallest unit of a compound that retains the chemical characteristics of the compound. Composition of molecules is given by a MOLECULAR FORMULA H2OH2OH2OH2O C 8 H 10 N 4 O 2 - caffeine PLAY MOVIE

13. 13 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Elements form Compounds

14. 14 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage The Nature of Matter Chemists are interested in the nature of matter and how this is related to its atoms and molecules. GoldMercury PLAY MOVIE

15. 15 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Graphite — layer structure of carbon atoms reflects physical properties.

16. 16 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Chemistry & Matter We can explore the MACROSCOPIC world — what we can see —We can explore the MACROSCOPIC world — what we can see — to understand the PARTICULATE worlds we cannot see.to understand the PARTICULATE worlds we cannot see. We write SYMBOLS to describe these worlds.We write SYMBOLS to describe these worlds.

17. 17 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage A Chemist’s View of Matter

18. 18 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage A Chemist’s View of Water H 2 O (gas, liquid, solid) MacroscopicMacroscopic SymbolicSymbolic ParticulateParticulate PLAY MOVIE

19. 19 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage A Chemist’s View 2 H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) f 2 H 2 O(g) MacroscopicMacroscopic SymbolicSymbolic ParticulateParticulate PLAY MOVIE

20. 20 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Kinetic Nature of Matter Matter consists of atoms and molecules in motion. PLAY MOVIE

21. 21 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage STATES OF MATTER

22. 22 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS — have rigid shape, fixed volume. External shape can reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement.SOLIDS — have rigid shape, fixed volume. External shape can reflect the atomic and molecular arrangement. –Reasonably well understood. LIQUIDS — have no fixed shape and may not fill a container completely.LIQUIDS — have no fixed shape and may not fill a container completely. –Not well understood. GASES — expand to fill their container.GASES — expand to fill their container. –Good theoretical understanding.

23. 23 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Physical Properties What are some physical properties? colorcolor melting and boiling pointmelting and boiling point odorodor

24. 24 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Physical Changes Some physical changes would be boiling of a liquidboiling of a liquid melting of a solidmelting of a solid dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a homogeneous mixture — a SOLUTION.dissolving a solid in a liquid to give a homogeneous mixture — a SOLUTION.

25. 25 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage DENSITY - an important and useful physical property Mercury 13.6 g/cm 3 21.5 g/cm 3 Aluminum 2.7 g/cm 3 Platinum

26. 26 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Relative Densities of the Elements

27. 27 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Problem A piece of copper has a mass of 57.54 g. It is 9.36 cm long, 7.23 cm wide, and 0.95 mm thick. Calculate density (g/cm 3 ).

28. 28 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Strategy 1. Get dimensions in common units. 2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters. 3. Calculate the density. Strategy 1. Get dimensions in common units. 2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters. 3. Calculate the density.

29. 29 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage SOLUTION 1. Get dimensions in common units. 2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters. 3. Calculate the density. SOLUTION 1. Get dimensions in common units. 2. Calculate volume in cubic centimeters. 3. Calculate the density. (9.36 cm)(7.23 cm)(0.095 cm) = 6.4 cm 3 Note only 2 significant figures in the answer!

30. 30 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage DENSITYDENSITY Density is an INTENSIVE property of matter.Density is an INTENSIVE property of matter. –does NOT depend on quantity of matter. –temperature Contrast with EXTENSIVEContrast with EXTENSIVE –depends on quantity of matter. –mass and volume. Styrofoam Brick

31. 31 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm 3. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg in grams? In pounds? Solve the problem using DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS.

32. 32 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Strategy 1.Use density to calc. mass (g) from volume. 2.Convert mass (g) to mass (lb) Need to know conversion factor = 454 g / 1 lb PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm 3. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg? First, note that 1 cm 3 = 1 mL

33. 33 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage 1.Convert volume to mass PROBLEM: Mercury (Hg) has a density of 13.6 g/cm 3. What is the mass of 95 mL of Hg? 2.Convert mass (g) to mass (lb) ( 95 cm 3 )(13.6 g/cm 3 ) = 1.3 x 10 3 g

34. 34 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Chemical Properties and Chemical Change Chemical change or chemical reaction — transformation of one or more atoms or molecules into one or more different molecules.Chemical change or chemical reaction — transformation of one or more atoms or molecules into one or more different molecules.

35. 35 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Types of Observations and Measurements We make QUALITATIVE observations of reactions — changes in color and physical state.We make QUALITATIVE observations of reactions — changes in color and physical state. We also make QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve numbers.We also make QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS, which involve numbers. Use SI units — based on the metric systemUse SI units — based on the metric system

36. 36 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Use SI units — based on the metric system LengthMassTimeTemperature Meter, m Kilogram, kg Seconds, s Celsius degrees, ˚C kelvins, K

37. 37 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Units of Length 1 kilometer (km) = ? meters (m)1 kilometer (km) = ? meters (m) 1 meter (m) = ? centimeters (cm)1 meter (m) = ? centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) = ? millimeter (mm)1 centimeter (cm) = ? millimeter (mm) 1 nanometer (nm) = 1.0 x 10 -9 meter1 nanometer (nm) = 1.0 x 10 -9 meter O—H distance = 9.58 x 10 -11 m 9.58 x 10 -9 cm 0.0958 nm O—H distance = 9.58 x 10 -11 m 9.58 x 10 -9 cm 0.0958 nm

38. 38 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Temperature Scales FahrenheitFahrenheit CelsiusCelsius KelvinKelvin Anders Celsius 1701-1744 Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 1824-1907

39. 39 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Temperature Scales 1 kelvin degree = 1 degree Celsius Notice that 1 kelvin degree = 1 degree Celsius Boiling point of water Freezing point of water Celsius 100 ˚C 0 ˚C 100˚C Kelvin 373 K 273 K 100 K Fahrenheit 32 ˚F 212 ˚F 180˚F

40. 40 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Temperature Scales 100 o F 38 o C 311 K oFoF oCoCK

41. 41 © 2009 Brooks/Cole - Cengage Calculations Using Temperature Generally require temp’s in kelvins T (K) = t (˚C) + 273.15 Body temp = 37 ˚C + 273 = 310 K Liquid nitrogen = -196 ˚C + 273 = 77 K