1. Critical Literary Essay How and Why

2. Critical Literary Essays  Provide students with the opportunity to look critically at literature and question what they are reading (and why).  Students can become empowered to take on, discuss, and question issues and themes that are interesting to them.

3. Starter critical questions to ask  Who produced the text?  What is the text about?  Why was the text written this way?  What are the implications of the authors choices?  Who and what is left out of the text?

4. ANALYSIS  An analysis of a literary work may discuss  How the various components of an individual work relate to each other  How two separate literary works deal with similar concepts or forms  How concepts and forms in literary works relate to larger aesthetic, political, social, economic, or religious contexts

5. Consider  When writing a literary analysis, you will focus on specific attribute(s) of the text(s).  When discussing these attributes, you will want to make sure that you are making a specific, arguable point (thesis) about these attributes.  You will defend this point with reasons and evidence drawn from the text.

6. What constitutes a “secondary text”?  A book or article that discusses the text you are discussing  A book or article that discusses a theory related to the argument you are making  A book or article that discusses the social and historical context of the text you are discussing

7. Integrating Secondary sources  When you use secondary sources, be sure to show how they relate to your thesis/ argument  Don’t overuse any one secondary source, or for that matter, secondary sources in general  Remember that this is your paper, your argument—the secondary sources are just helping you out  Never, never, never plagiarize.

8. Introduction  Introductions to critical literary essays take the same form as introductions to any other expository essays. (start general and end specific)  Make sure to modify your opening, use judgment on the broadness of your introduction.

9. Introduction samples Too broad:  A lot of authors have written about Shakespeare’s reconstruction theory in many different ways. Some of these authors think Shakespeare reconstructed drama and some think he was not original.  Direct  Ann Petrusky, a writer of the 19 th century Shakespeare theory movement, explored the notion that Shakespeare meant to emulate classical Greek tragedies. In her article, she discusses the reconstructionist theory in relation to Shakespeare’s “Much Ado about Nothing”. Always mention your secondary and primary sources in your introduction, allowing your broad statement to have a specific direction

10. Topic versus thesis  A topic is the subject that you are writing about.  A thesis is a specific point you are making about the topic. You should be able to say a thesis is true or false, it needs to be a provable theory. TopicThesis Interpreting Shakespeare’s characters While many write off Gertrude as a paltry secondary character in a overly ambitious play, it is apparent that her involvement….

11. How to go about creating this paper Read the primary source Read the secondary source Don’t concentrate on the paper per se, ask yourself: How do I feel about these sources? Is there a reason I feel a specific way? Re-examine the primary source in relation to the argument presented by the questions you have asked. Decide which side you land on (basis for your thesis) Collect examples Start to write

12. Ultimately, how deeply and elegantly you develop your literary thesis will depend on how much you like and understand the material used. You will not always like the material, but you can strive to comprehend it to the best of your ability. This is your chance to tell the author/teacher how YOU feel about the text and why.

13. MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide

14. What does MLA regulate? MLA regulates:  Document Format  In-text citations  Works Cited (a list of all sources used in the paper) MAJOR CHANGE: MLA Style now requires italicization for all titles of books, journals, films, etc.

15. Formatting the 1st Page  No title page  Double space everything  In the upper left corner of the 1st page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and date  Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics, quote, or bold)  Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top and one inch from the right of the page (include your last name and page number)

16. Sample first page

17. Indent everything after first line Center title Last page of essay Alphabetical order

18. Books  Basic Format: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication. Books with translation *  Start out with the author's name and a period. The author's name should be listed in the order of last name, first name, middle initial. Therefore, if the author's name is Gabriella Lupe Lopez, then your citation should begin: Lopez, Gabriella L.  Follow the author with the title of the book and another period.  Add the name of the translator. The translator's name will be listed with the first name first, and preceded by the abbreviation "Trans." End this part of the note with a period. If Jodine Lester translated the book, then the citation should now read:  Lopez, Gabriella L. Suburban Culture in Brazil. Trans. Jodine Lester.

19. In-Text Citations: the Basics  MLA uses parenthetical citations  Parenthetical citations depend on the medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD)  Parenthetical citations also depend on the source’s entry on the Works Cited page  Signal word in the text is the first thing in the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page

20. Scholarly journals  Article in Scholarly Journal Format: Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year): pages. Medium of publication.  Example:  Duvall, John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Televisionas Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." ArizonaQuarterly 50.3 (1994): 127- 53. Print.

21. Author-Page Style In-text Example: Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). Corresponding Works Cited Entry: Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967. Print.

22. Print Source with Author In-text Example: Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). Corresponding Works Cited Entry: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. Print.

23. Short quotation examples (less than three lines) In-text Examples: According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree. According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184). Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)? Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12).

24. Long text examples (indent & single space) In-text Example: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)