1. 12/19/2015 MIt2000 1 FILM HISTOR Y

2. Sequential Photography Étienne-Jules Marey, Physician, professor of natural science Eadweard Muybridge, 1877 Landscape photographer High Speed photos Capture horse in motion through trip wire shutter triggers Illusion of Motion through ordered pictures zoopraxiscope 12/19/2015 MIt2000 2

3. Kinetograph and Kinetoscope W.K.L. Dickson/ Thomas Edison Kinetograph: moving picture camera, 1892 Kinetoscope: peep hole viewing machine, 1893 Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 12/19/2015 MIt2000 3

4. Kinetoscope 1.35mm b/w motion picture (15 sec) 2.dancers, acrobats, prize fighters, vaudeville performers 3.Edison ‘studio’ 4.http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=WmZ4VPmhAkwhttp://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=WmZ4VPmhAkw 5.disappear by 1900 12/19/2015 MIt2000 4

5. Inventing the Projector Francis Jenkins/Thomas Armat basic principle, 1895 Auguste & Louis Lumière cinematograph in Paris, 1895 “Workers Leaving Lumière Factory” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nj0vE O4Q6s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nj0vE O4Q6s “Arrival of a Train at a Station” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLED dFddk 12/19/2015 MIt2000 5

6. Showings: Phase One, 1895-1905 Vaudeville http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=hkC1jKa3ztY http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=hkC1jKa3ztY Movies as novelty acts Eventually used as ‘chasers’ Penny Arcades owners buy/rent projectors regular film screenings Traveling shows itinerant exhibitors tent shows 12/19/2015 MIt2000 6

7. Nickelodeons (1905-1918) Films Only continuous showings Growth: 1914: 18,000 theaters (US) 7 mil daily admissions Longer films 10-15 minutes one-reel westerns, melodramas 12/19/2015 MIt2000 7

8. Nickelodeon: Audience Growth 1.Urbanization 2.Industrialization 3.More Disposable Income 4.More Leisure Time 12/19/2015 MIt2000 8

9. Leisure and Culture (early 1900s) Low Culture arcades dance halls vaudeville saloon pool hall minstrel shows burlesque theatre High Culture parks libraries school rec. programs Museums Opera/Theatre church socials Progressive Era Reformers 12/19/2015 MIt2000 9

10. Nickelodeon/Low Culture poor sanitation, smells, overcrowding gaudy designs, outside barkers, handbills, lights darkness and morality raunchy vaudeville opening acts 12/19/2015 MIt2000 10

11. The Story of Film (Mark Cousins, 2001) Nickelodeons Stars/Star System Industrialization of Cinema Studio System / Studio Control 12/19/2015 MIt2000 11

12. Silent Films (mid-1920s) Commercial Success 1927 800 films/year 100 mil. weekly attendance 25,000 cinemas Aesthetic Success “The Tramp” Wings (1927) Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Clara Bow visual storytelling 12/19/2015 MIt2000 12

13. Experiencing Silent Films, 1920s Elegant, ornate cinemas musical accompaniment Popular Art Audience imagination “subjective experience” not passive viewing Chaplin’s “The Kid” (1921) http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=qNseEVlaCl 4 http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=qNseEVlaCl 4 12/19/2015 MIt2000 13

14. Talkies The Jazz Singer (1927), first sound film primarily visual to primarily verbal comedy: pantomime to dialogue standardized, less individual interpretation writers-journalists/literati theatre actors/directors NY/Hollywood 12/19/2015 MIt2000 14

15. Star System/Studio System High cost sound movies Stars as Assets Studios (Paramount, MGM) order and predictability 300-400 films a year; “A” & "B" movies proving ground for new stars 7-year contracts 1930s/Depression stability in turbulent times stereotypical mold for stars 12/19/2015 MIt2000 15

16. City and Social Alienation Country family tradition Religion framework of purpose community norms close-knit community character City impersonality normlessness Anomie: ‘lost in the crowd’ self-help manuals personality 12/19/2015 MIt2000 16

17. Stars as Models for Personality models: newcomers/new situations stage, screen, playing field define success, attractiveness confident behaviour decisive; "harmonious personalities.“ whole person; well-integrated self celebrated actors as “personalities " 12/19/2015 MIt2000 17

18. Star System/Star Gazing Studio investment lengthen stardom Promotion Fan Mail Fan Clubs 1934: 535 clubs 750,000 members Photography Close-up Shot; faces 12/19/2015 MIt2000 18

19. Rise of Hollywood Studio System Post-mid-1920s (MGM, Paramount, etc) vertical integration production, distribution, and exhibition Long term contracts with actors Studio ties and feature filmmaking 12/19/2015 MIt2000 19

20. Women and Film Why many women novelists today but few women filmmakers? Between 1939-1979, 7400 feature films produced, but only 14 directed by women. Kathryn Bigelow (“The Hurt Locker”, 2010), first female director to win Academy Award for director Bechdel Test Why so few women (directors/writers)? 12/19/2015 MIt2000 20

21. Nell Shipman  Canada’s first female filmmaker  Back to God’s Country (1919)  Wrote, direct, act  Critical & financial success  http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=9B9_GRCJO9c http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=9B9_GRCJO9c  Nell Shipman Productions  Shipman “cottage industry” vs “industrialization” of filmmaking  Female characters: “active, competent, courageous, and self-reliant,” “rescuers” 12/19/2015 MIt2000 21

22. Women Filmmakers Early film and novelty popular entertainment; vaudeville; theatre (women) Economic Factors (post-1925) Filmmaking & Capital Investment Entrance Barriers For Newcomers Social Factors Female Exclusion “Old Boy’s Network” 12/19/2015 MIt2000 22

23. Film in Canada During the Studio Era Domination of American films Vertical integration 95% of British market 70% of French market US Branch Plants “quota quickies” Integration difficult in Canada Sparse population Geographical distance Preference for American film Canadian exhibitors Alliances with American producers 23 MIt2000 12/19/2015

24. National Film Board (NFB) Canadian Motion Pictures Bureau, 1918 Non-commercial educational film Representations of Canada as “an inducement to capital to come to this country” Replaced by NFB, 1939 headed by John Grierson assigned with “interpreting Canada to Canadians” High Cultural Stance Combat American cultural product emphasis on documentary Developed by “social reformers aiming to use the medium of film as a communications technology for consolidating middle ground opinion in Canada” (Druick 259) Nation building, Ideal citizenship 24 MIt2000 12/19/2015