1. 10.1 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

2. 10.2 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development How could developing a new system change the way an organization works?How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? What are the steps required to develop a new information system?What are the steps required to develop a new information system? What methods for developing information systems are available?What methods for developing information systems are available? What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly? OBJECTIVES

3. 10.3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

4. 10.4 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development The Spectrum of Organizational Change Automation :Automation : –Speeding up performance Rationalization of Procedures:Rationalization of Procedures: –Streamlining of operating procedures Business Process Reengineering:Business Process Reengineering: –Radical re-design of business processes Paradigm Shift:Paradigm Shift: –Radical re-conceptualization SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

5. 10.5 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

6. 10.6 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development 10.2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT Figure 10.3 (A)

7. 10.7 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development 10.2 BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND PROCESS IMPROVEMENT Business Process Re-engineering Figure 10.3 (B)

8. 10.8 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development How could developing a new system change the way an organization works?How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? What are the steps required to develop a new information system?What are the steps required to develop a new information system? What methods for developing information systems are available?What methods for developing information systems are available? What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly? OBJECTIVES

9. 10.9 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

10. 10.10 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Systems Analysis Analysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with ITAnalysis of a problem that the organization will try to solve with IT Feasibility StudyFeasibility Study determines whether the solution is achievable, given the organization’s resources and constraints Establishing Information RequirementsEstablishing Information Requirements Identifying who needs what information, and when, where, and how the information is needed Failure here is a leading cause of systems failure OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

11. 10.11 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Details how a system will meet the information requirements determined by systems analysisDetails how a system will meet the information requirements determined by systems analysis Specifications for the system solutionSpecifications for the system solution Should reflect user business priorities and information needs, not biases of IT expertsShould reflect user business priorities and information needs, not biases of IT experts lack of end-user involvement is a major cause of system failurelack of end-user involvement is a major cause of system failure Systems Design OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

12. 10.12 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

13. 10.13 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Programming Process of translating system specifications into program codeProcess of translating system specifications into program codeTesting Checks whether the system produces desired results under known conditionsChecks whether the system produces desired results under known conditions Critical step – all programs have bugs!Critical step – all programs have bugs! NeedNeed: Unit testingUnit testing System testingSystem testing Acceptance testingAcceptance testing OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

14. 10.14 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Conversion Process of changing from old system to new system Process of changing from old system to new system Conversion Strategies include:Conversion Strategies include: –Parallel –Direct cutover –Pilot study Documentation – why is this vital?Documentation – why is this vital? –Ongoing throughout system development –Finalized here – why? OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

15. 10.15 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Production and Maintenance Production: The stage after new system is installed and the conversion is completeMaintenance Changes in hardware, software, or documentation of production system to correct errors, or meet new requirements 20% - fix programming errors 20% - adapt to changes 60% - improve design – this is avoidable! OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

16. 10.16 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

17. 10.17 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development How could developing a new system change the way an organization works?How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? What are the steps required to develop a new information system?What are the steps required to develop a new information system? What methods for developing information systems are available?What methods for developing information systems are available? What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly? OBJECTIVES

18. 10.18 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Traditional methodology for developing information systemTraditional methodology for developing information system Partitions systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentiallyPartitions systems development process into formal stages that must be completed sequentially Formal division of labour between end users and information system specialistsFormal division of labour between end users and information system specialists ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

19. 10.19 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Prototyping Process of building experimental system quickly and inexpensivelyProcess of building experimental system quickly and inexpensively Use for demonstration and evaluationUse for demonstration and evaluation Allows users to better determine information requirementsAllows users to better determine information requirements Easy to involve users, good for designing end-user interfaceEasy to involve users, good for designing end-user interface Result may not be scalable, secure etc.Result may not be scalable, secure etc. ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

20. 10.20 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

21. 10.21 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Application Software Packages Set of prewritten application programs commercially availableSet of prewritten application programs commercially available Often selected via RFPOften selected via RFP detailed list of specs submitted to vendors determines how well vendor’s product can meet organization’s needs May need to be customized to meet organization’s unique requirementsMay need to be customized to meet organization’s unique requirements ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

22. 10.22 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES “Good software is not (alas!) written, it is re-written” (An old programming adage)

23. 10.23 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Development of information systems by end users with minimal assistance from ‘techies’Development of information systems by end users with minimal assistance from ‘techies’ Advantage -Advantage - higher level of user involvement and satisfaction Limitations -.Limitations - systems likely to lack scalability, security, testing, documentation etc. Facilitated by an Information Centre -Facilitated by an Information Centre - facility that provides support for end-user computing End-User Development ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

24. 10.24 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

25. 10.25 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Practice of contracting applications development (and perhaps system operation) to external vendorsPractice of contracting applications development (and perhaps system operation) to external vendors Can get expertise not available in firmCan get expertise not available in firm External source benefits from economies of scaleExternal source benefits from economies of scale May result in loss of control, dangerous reliance on stability of outside firmMay result in loss of control, dangerous reliance on stability of outside firm Outsourcing ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES

26. 10.26 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development 10.4 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES (A)

27. 10.27 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development 10.4 ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM-BUILDING APPROACHES (B)

28. 10.28 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development How could developing a new system change the way an organization works?How could developing a new system change the way an organization works? What are the steps required to develop a new information system?What are the steps required to develop a new information system? What methods for developing information systems are available?What methods for developing information systems are available? What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly?What system-building approaches can help us develop e-business applications more rapidly? OBJECTIVES

29. 10.29 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Shifts focus from modeling business processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objectsShifts focus from modeling business processes and data to combining data and procedures to create objects Applications can be created by reusing existing objects (without reprogramming), adding new objects as neededApplications can be created by reusing existing objects (without reprogramming), adding new objects as needed More iterative and incremental than SDLCMore iterative and incremental than SDLC Requires large investment in training and programmingRequires large investment in training and programming APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM Object-Oriented Software Development

30. 10.30 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development Software components deliverable over InternetSoftware components deliverable over Internet E.g. IBM Web sphere, MS.Net Real life example in text? Uses standards to allow information interchange between applications:Uses standards to allow information interchange between applications: XML – standard description of data in web pages allows data exchange SOAP – rules for data exchange UDDI – directory of web services Web Services APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DIGITAL FIRM

31. 10.31 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. Management Information Systems, Second Canadian Edition Chapter 10: Systems Development SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT