1. Chapter 19: ________ ASSOCIATED with the IMMUNE SYSTEM FAILURES of the IMMUNE SYSTEM: –INFECTION –AUTOIMMUNITY – ex. _____, multiple sclerosis –IMMUNOSUPPRESSION – __________ IMMUNE REACTIONS -______SENSITIVITY//ALLERGIC REACTIONS Response to antigens (allergens) to an extreme degree leading to damage Requires sensitizing dose(s) -TRANSPLANT REJECTION

2. HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Type I - Anaphylactic Reactions –Involves _____ antibodies Type II – __________ Reactions –Involves ____ or IgM Abs and complement Type III – Immune-__________ Reactions –Involves IgG Abs and antigen complexes that lodge in basement membranes of ____________ Type IV – Cell-Mediated Reactions –Involves delayed ______________

3. Involve ____ antibodies binding to mast cells or basophils with release of reactive substances __________ ________: Ingested(food) or inhaled(pollen) antigens-common allergic reactions such as hay fever, asthma Systemic: Shock, breathing difficulties from injected antigens (insect _______) TYPE I - ___________ REACTIONS Figure 19.1a

4. Involve IgG or IgM antibodies and complement Complement activation causes cell _____ or damage by macrophages –Ex. BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS _______________ DISEASE of NEWBORN TYPE II - _________ REACTIONS

5. IgG antibodies and antigens form complexes that lodge in basement membranes of blood vessels. TYPE III - IMMUNE _________ REACTIONS Figure 19.6

6. Ags attract __ cells which destroy target cells __________- attract macrophages and initiate tissue damage Ex. Transplant rejection Contact dermatitis TYPE IV – CELL MEDIATED or DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS Figure 19.8

7. Transplants may be attacked by __ cells, __________, and complement-fixing antibodies. Transplants to _________ sites do not cause an immune response. Stem cells may allow therapeutic _______ to avoid rejection. REACTIONS to TRANSPLANTS

8. ____GRAFT: Use of one's own tissue ISOGRAFT: Use of identical _____ tissue _____GRAFT: Use of tissue from another person _______TRANSPLANTATION: Use of _____human tissue GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE: Can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells TYPES of GRAFTS

9. 1. CYCLOSPORINE – suppresses IL-2 2. MYCOPHENOLATE MOFETIL –inhibits T cell and B cell reproduction 3. SIROLIMUS –blocks IL-2 _______________________- prevents immune response to transplanted tissues IMMUNE ___________ _________________: Due to defective or missing genes _________________: Develop during an individual's life, due to drugs, cancers, infections Artificial: Immunosuppressive drugs Natural: HIV infections

10. Cancer cells possess tumor-specific ________ T C cells recognize and lyse cancer cells Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill T C cells THE IMMUNE SYSTEM and ______ Figure 19.11

11. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) Figure 19.12a

12. ________ INFECTION Figure 13.19 Retrovirus penetrates host cell. Virion penetrates cell and its DNA is uncoated The new viral DNA is tranported into the host cell’s nucleus and integrated as a provirus. The provirus may divide indefinitely with the host cell DNA. 1 2 3 RNA Transcription of the provirus may also occur, producing RNA for new retrovirus genomes and RNA that codes for the retrovirus capsid and envelope proteins. 4 Mature retrovirus leaves host cell, acquiring an envelope as it buds out. 5 Capsid Reverse transcriptase Virus Two identical + stands of RNA DNA of one of the host cell’s chromosomes Provirus Host cell Reverse transcriptase Viral RNA RNA Viral proteins Identical strands of RNA

13. _____ INFECTION Figure 19.13

14. Category A___________ or persistent lymphadenopathy Category BPersistent Candida albicans infections Category CClinical AIDS. ___, Herpes sp, tuberculosis, Pneumocystis sp. cryptosporidiosis, Kaposi's _____________ STAGES of HIV INFECTION

15. COMMON DISEASES ASSOCIATED with AIDS Table 19.5

16. ____conversion - takes up to 3 months _____ – for HIV antibody detection _______ blotting – for detection of HIV antigens PCR or nucleic acid hybridization- to determine ___ load in plasma DIAGNOSTIC METHODS for HIV

17. Male to male ____sexual conduct _______sexual transmission IV drug use Infected body fluids transmit HIV via: –Sexual contact –_________ milk –Transplacental infection of ______ –Blood-contaminated needle –Organ _____________ –Artificial insemination –Blood transfusion GLOBAL TRANSMISSION of HIV

18. TREATMENT of HIV ___________ Chemotherapy Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) –Ex.:Combinations of __________ transcriptase inhibitors + proteases

19. ______________________ Use of ______ and sterile needles Health-case workers use universal precautions –Wear gloves, gowns, masks, goggles –Do not recap needles PREVENTION of AIDS