1. Slide 1 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. Slide 2 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

3. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is an Animal? Animals are  Multicellular  eukaryotic  heterotrophs  cells lack cell walls.

4. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 4 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is an Animal? 4 TISSUE TYPES: Epithelial- cover body surfaces Muscular- contract, moving parts of animals’ bodies connective - support an animal’s body and connect its parts (blood and bone) Nervous - contains nerve cells, which carry information throughout the body.

5. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 5 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is an Animal? Invertebrates make up 95% of all animal species. Invertebrates do not have a backbone, or vertebral column. They include sea stars, worms, jellyfishes, and insects.

6. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 6 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Is an Animal? The other 5% of animals are vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone. Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

7. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 7 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Animals carry out the following essential functions: feeding respiration circulation excretion response movement reproduction

8. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 8 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Homeostasis - a relatively stable internal environment. maintained by internal feedback mechanisms called feedback loops.  Negative – stops the original stimulus  Positive – increases the original stimulus

9. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 9 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Feeding Herbivores. Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores feed on decaying plant and animal material. Filter feeders are aquatic animals that strain tiny floating organisms from water.

10. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 10 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive symbiotic relationships - two species live in close association with each other a.Mutualism – both benefit b.Parasitism – one is helped, the other harmed c.Commensalism – one is helped, the other is NOT harmed

11. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 11 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Respiration take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.

12. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 12 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Circulation transport oxygen, nutrient molecules, and waste products among all their cells through either simple diffusion or some kind of circulatory system.

13. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 13 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Excretion Removal of waste products

14. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 14 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Response respond to events in their environment a. Nerve cells which form a nervous system b. Receptor cells respond to sound, light, taste, touch, smell

15. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 15 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Movement Some animals stay at a single spot - sessile Muscle contraction enables motile animals to move Muscles also help even sedentary animals feed and pump water and fluids through their bodies.

16. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 16 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What Animals Do to Survive Reproduction Sexual – requires two individuals helps to create and maintain genetic diversity in populations and improve species’ abilities to evolve when the environment changes. Asexual - produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly.

17. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 17 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Complex animals tend to have: high levels of cell specialization and internal body organization bilateral body symmetry a front end or head with sense organs a body cavity

18. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 18 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution The zygote undergoes a series of divisions to form a blastula, a hollow ball of cells.

19. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 19 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution The blastula folds in on itself The blastopore leads into a central tube that becomes the digestive tract and is formed in one of two ways – MOUTH FIRST; ANUS FIRST

20. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 20 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution protostome is an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore. Most invertebrate animals are protostomes. Blastopore Endoderm Mesoderm Blastopore becomes mouth Anus Ectoderm

21. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 21 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution A deuterostome is an animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore. The anus is the opening through which wastes leave the digestive tract. Blastopore becomes anus Mouth Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Blastopore

22. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 22 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Echinoderms and vertebrates are both deuterostomes.

23. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 23 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution The cells of the endoderm, or innermost germ layer, develop into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system. Only the label “endoderm” should appear on this slide. Endoderm

24. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 24 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution The cells of the mesoderm, or middle layer, develop into muscles and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory organ systems. Mesoderm

25. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 25 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution The ectoderm, or outermost layer, develops into the sense organs, nerves, and the outer layer of the skin. Ectoderm

26. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 26 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Body Symmetry Except for sponges, every animal exhibits some body symmetry in its structure.

27. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 27 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution radial symmetry –any number of imaginary planes can be drawn through the center, each dividing the body into equal halves. Planes of symmetry Radial symmetry

28. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 28 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Bilateral symmetry Plane of symmetry In animals with bilateral symmetry, only one imaginary plane can divide the body into two equal halves—left and right.

29. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 29 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Posterior end Anterior end Bilateral symmetry The anterior is the front end. The posterior is the back end.

30. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 30 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Dorsal side The dorsal is the upper side. The ventral is the lower side. Ventral side Bilateral symmetry

31. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 31 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Bilateral symmetry a.Allows for segments b.Found in arthropods and vertebrates

32. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 32 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Cephalization Cephalization - the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body.

33. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 33 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Trends in Animal Evolution Body Cavity Formation - coelom Most animals have a body cavity, a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and body wall.

34. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 34 of 49 Acoelomates -no coelom, or body cavity, that forms between the germ layers. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Digestive cavity Acoelomate

35. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 35 of 49 Body Cavity Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity lined partially with mesoderm. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

36. 26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom Slide 36 of 49 Body Cavity true coelom - lined completely with tissue derived from mesoderm. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

37. - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 37 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-1

38. Slide 38 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-1 Homeostasis is often maintained by feedback loops that involve a.gastrulation. b.feedback inhibition – negative feedback c.spontaneous generation. d.equilibrium.

39. Slide 39 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-1 Animals respond to events in their environments using specialized cells called a.muscle cells. b.nerve cells. c.gametes. d.blood cells.

40. Slide 40 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-1 A characteristic that all animals share is being a.heterotrophic. b.autotrophic. c.prokaryotic. d.anaerobic.

41. Slide 41 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-1 Excretion is a function of all animals that involves a.exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. b.transport of material from one part of the body to another. c.digestion and absorption of food molecules. d.removal of metabolic wastes.

42. Slide 42 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26-1 One major trend in animal evolution has been a.the simplification of body organ systems. b.an increase in the degree of cephalization. c.a shift from bilateral symmetry to radial symmetry. d.disappearance of the blastula stage in early development.

43. END OF SECTION