2. Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin Arterial: 7.35-7.45 Venous: 7.32-7.42 Muscles: 6.8-7.1

3. Review Obj 1-7 Obj 11 as it compares to skeletal muscle Obj 12 – particularly the differences and why those differences exist Obj 15-16 Obj 18 Obj 20-23

5. Heart Valves Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar Valves Tricuspid – between RA and RV Bicuspid – between LA and LV

6. Heart Layers Myocardium – involuntary, striated muscle Endocardium – innermost layer, develops from endothelial cells that line blood vessels, protects Epicardium – membrane that forms inner layer of pericardium and outer layer of the heart

7. Pericardium Protects from infections Prevents excess dilation Lubricates Keeps the heart from ‘wandering’

9. Blood Vessels: Arteries – carry blood FROM the heart Arterioles – smaller, branching vessels from arteries Capillaries – small, narrow vessels. SIGHT OF DIFFUSION Veins – carry blood TO the heart Venules – smaller, branching vessels, collect blood from capillaries and send to veins

12. Cardiac Muscle Each cell has single nucleus. Hmmmm… Skeletal muscle - multinucleated What does that mean? Cardiac muscle demonstrates “self excitation” Can ‘beat’ on it’s own, but is controlled by brain

13. Cardiac Muscle Sarcolemma still releases Ca++ Uptake is SLOWER/remains in sarcoplasm longer What does that mean? Not capable of ‘fast’ contractions or tetanus Doesn’t usually run low on ATP! Doesn’t fatigue!! Increased ability to remove oxygen from blood helps too

14. HEMOGLOBIN!!

15. Hemoglobin 250-300 MILLION per rbc Made of four subunits (2 and 2)

16. Hemoglobin 250-300 MILLION per rbc Made of four subunits (2 and 2) Hb in blood, MYOglobin in muscles VERY similar molecules Myoglobin binds oxygen ‘better’

17. Hemoglobin vs Myoglobin Myoglobin binds oxygen ‘better’

18. Obj 17 CO 2 and O 2 Hb doesn’t bind CO2 as well But it combines with water (with enzymes from rbc) to form carbonic acid This WILL dissolve in blood Lower pH DECREASES Hb’s ability to bind O 2 !

20. Blood and your Brain Your ‘brain’ monitors blood pH When it drops, respiration increases Hyperventilation?

21. Back to Fetal Circulation… If Hb binds oxygen, why would the mother’s Hb give it up AT THE SAME POINT the fetus binds it? Different Hb! Fetal Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen!

22. Hemoglobin

23. Just ONE amino acid change (x2 because it happens in each subunit) From ‘sticky’ to ‘greasy’ And this causes big problems

24. Sickle Cell

26. Sickle Cell in the World

27. Malaria in the World

30. Your turn Obj 20, 22 (15 min)

31. Obj 21 Antigens – proteins on cells that tell your immune system you’re ‘you’ Blood cells can have two different antigens; “A” or “B”… or NO antigens “O” If your parents are AA and BB you will be AB, etc.

32. Obj 21 You also produce ANTIBODIES to attack foreign objects. IF you have “A” antigens, your body sees that as ‘you’ But will produce “B” antibodies So if you’re Type-A and get a blood transfusion with B… Your immune system will attack it

33. Obj 21

34. Since “AB” has both antigens..? “Universal recipient” Type O has NO antigens, so..? “Universal donor”

35. Obj 21 Rh factor works the same way IF you have the Rh factor on your blood cells, you’re Rh+ Don’t produce antibodies The true Universal Donor is… O-

36. Homework Test on Monday