1. Hoo Lin Hui 234943 Chiang Yi Ni 235001

2. A stakeholder is identified as “any group or individual who can affect or is affected by” tourism development in an area (Feeeman 1984)

3. Tourism development decisions are made from the top down, where “experts” make decisions The decision making system is perceived to have competing interests within itself, and, therefore, the decisions made are again not reflective of the public’s interests

4. To investigate the roots of stakeholder involvement and public participation and how they have been applied in the tourism literature in relation to sustainable tourism development.

5. Stakeholder Theory Instrumental AspectThe connections, or lack of connections, between stakeholder management and the achievement of the organization or development’s objectives and goals. Normative AspectTo interpret the function of the corporation, including the identification of moral or philosophical guidelines for the operation and management of corporations. Descriptive AspectThe organization and its relationships to external organizations and agencies.

6. Identifying a diverse group of people in the community and informing them about the issues and topics They should be allowed to make the recommendations that they believe to be the most appropriate for their community

7. Category Non-participationTo explain their independent decisions to the stakeholders who had no input. Degrees of TokenismStakeholders are allowed to voice their interests but have no power to influence the decisions that were being made. Degrees of Citizen PowerStakeholders not only can voice their interests but also to influence directly the decisions being made.

8. ElementsDescription FairnessThe idea that all of the stakeholders’ interests were taken into account during the process EfficiencyIf decisions and agreements take too long to develop or if the total cost (financial and resource) is too high, then the entire process will be unsuccessful. KnowledgeOnce everyone in the process has the same level of knowledge, decisions can be made that utilizes the collective wisdom of all the stakeholders. WisdomInformation needs to be viewed objectively and decisions need to be based on the information. StabilityCan the decision or development last and can it with stand.