1. Behavioralism (review) Founders: Watson (Little Albert) Skinner (Skinner box)

2. Behavioralsim - Focus on behaviors (actions) - Alter behavior through conditioning For example, let’s say Billy is really depressed. The depression causes Billy to stop sleeping and eating. Billy is also drinking tequila as his only liquids. For example, let’s say Billy is really depressed. The depression causes Billy to stop sleeping and eating. Billy is also drinking tequila as his only liquids. How would each of the following treat Billy? a. A psychoanalyst? b. A trait theorist? c. A humanist? A behavioralist would approach Billy’s problems very differently.

3. Behavioralism A behaviorist would only look at Billy's behaviors, not his depression itself. A behaviorist would only look at Billy's behaviors, not his depression itself. They would examine his lack of sleeping and eating and drinking of alcohol as Billy's true problems. They would examine his lack of sleeping and eating and drinking of alcohol as Billy's true problems. Then they would use conditioning/learning strategies to change Billy's behaviors. Then they would use conditioning/learning strategies to change Billy's behaviors. They may give Billy $20 for every bowl of Cinnamon Toast Crunch he eats. They may give Billy $20 for every bowl of Cinnamon Toast Crunch he eats. They may put diarrhea medicine in Billy's tequila. They may put diarrhea medicine in Billy's tequila. These techniques will stop Billy's behaviors around depression, but will they rid Billy of his depression? You may think not, but to a behaviorist, if the behaviors are no longer maladaptive, then where's the problem? These techniques will stop Billy's behaviors around depression, but will they rid Billy of his depression? You may think not, but to a behaviorist, if the behaviors are no longer maladaptive, then where's the problem?

4. The Social-Cognitive Perspective

5. Bandura is Back Do you remember Albert Bandura and his Bobo doll experiment? Do you remember Albert Bandura and his Bobo doll experiment? Bandura was a behavioralist who demonstrated that children will model the behaviors of others. This may not seem like a big deal to you and me, but it was to the behavioralists. Bandura was a behavioralist who demonstrated that children will model the behaviors of others. This may not seem like a big deal to you and me, but it was to the behavioralists. Behavioralists studied observable behaviors only, and said that it was unscientific to study thinking because it can’t be measured or quantified. Behavioralists studied observable behaviors only, and said that it was unscientific to study thinking because it can’t be measured or quantified. However, if kids can learn by watching others being rewarded or punished, then thinking is necessary to explain the behaviors (something to the effect of, “I bet it would be fun to do that”). However, if kids can learn by watching others being rewarded or punished, then thinking is necessary to explain the behaviors (something to the effect of, “I bet it would be fun to do that”). Thus, Bandura began the social-cognitive movement. Thus, Bandura began the social-cognitive movement.

6. Social Cognitive Theory Focuses on how we INTERPRET and RESPOND TO external events. Cognitive therapy attempts to change the way to THINK about things. Focuses on how we INTERPRET and RESPOND TO external events. Cognitive therapy attempts to change the way to THINK about things. A huge part of social cognitive theory is Reciprocal Determinism: the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.

7. Reciprocal Determinism The type of person you were made you choose to come apply to Honors Psych. Learning Honors Psych has probably shaped your personality in some ways. The type of person you were made you choose to come apply to Honors Psych. Learning Honors Psych has probably shaped your personality in some ways. Anxious people are more attuned to threatening events. They will perceive the world as more threatening, which in turn, may make them more anxious. Anxious people are more attuned to threatening events. They will perceive the world as more threatening, which in turn, may make them more anxious. If you are easy-going, you make other people feel comfortable. This in turn, causes them to treat you nicely. This may affect how you view other people. If you are easy-going, you make other people feel comfortable. This in turn, causes them to treat you nicely. This may affect how you view other people. Think of an example of reciprocal determinism from your own life and share it with your partner. Think of an example of reciprocal determinism from your own life and share it with your partner. If some of these examples sound like self-fulfilling prophecies, that’s because they are. Self-fulfilling prophecies are perfect examples of reciprocal determinism. If some of these examples sound like self-fulfilling prophecies, that’s because they are. Self-fulfilling prophecies are perfect examples of reciprocal determinism.

8. Personal Control Our sense of controlling our environment rather than the environment controlling us. Our sense of controlling our environment rather than the environment controlling us.

9. External Locus of Control The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate. The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate.

10. Internal Locus of Control The perception that one controls one’s own fate. The perception that one controls one’s own fate.

11. Identify each statement below as being indicative of either an internal locus of control (ILC) or an external locus of control (ELC): I’ll never be a good writer. I have to practice so I can get better. I probably could have prevented that. It’s not my fault. It’s fate! Those with ILC tend to do better in school, act more independently, enjoy better health, feel less depressed, and cope better with stress. Why? Under what circumstances might an ILC be bad for mental health?

12. Learned Helplessness Martin Seligman (father of “positive psychology”) The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. Can you think of examples of people who stop trying to help themselves? Can you think of examples of people who stop trying to help themselves? Battered wives Battered wives Prisoners Prisoners You when you get really far behind in a class You when you get really far behind in a class

13. Self-efficacy According to Bandura, the belief that you are likely to be successful at something is called self-efficacy, and it can be a powerful determinant of success or failure. If I believe I am likely to be successful in math, I may choose to take more math classes, and actually become a better math student. Share with your partner: 1) Something for which you have high self- efficacy. 2) Something for which you have low self- efficacy.

14. Self-efficacy continued Self-efficacy is a powerful determinant of future success, but… Self-efficacy is a powerful determinant of future success, but… …be wary of overconfidence. …be wary of overconfidence. It can lead students to perform lower (“I don’t need to study”) and may encourage unwise risks (“I can drive on ice.”) It can lead students to perform lower (“I don’t need to study”) and may encourage unwise risks (“I can drive on ice.”)

15. Criticisms Some believe that Social Cognitive perspective focuses TOO much on the SITUATION and not enough on inner traits. Also, it is really hard to change people’s attitudes.