1. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Mods 26-27 The Federal Reserve and Monetary Policy

2. Copyright © 2004 South-Western THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM The Federal Reserve (Fed) serves as the nation’s central bank.

3. Copyright © 2004 South-Western THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM The Fed was created in 1913 after a series of bank failures convinced Congress that the United States needed a central bank to ensure the health of the nation’s banking system. Central Banks in U.S. History

4. Copyright © 2004 South-Western THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Four Primary Functions of the Fed 1.Acts as a banker’s bank 2.Acts as bank for Federal Gov’t 3.Regulates banks 4.Conducts monetary policy by controlling the money supply.

5. Copyright © 2004 South-Western THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM The Structure of the Federal Reserve System: The primary elements in the Federal Reserve System are: 1) The Regional Federal Reserve Banks 2) The Board of Governors 3) The Federal Open Market Committee

6. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Organization The Federal Reserve Banks Twelve district banks

7. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Organization The Board of Governors Seven members Appointed by the President of U.S. Confirmed by the Senate Serve staggered 14-year terms so that one comes vacant every two years. President appoints a member as chairman to serve a four-year term. The chairman directs the Fed staff, presides over board meetings, and testifies about Fed policy in front of Congressional Committees.

8. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Function The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) Serves as the main policy-making organ of the Federal Reserve System. Meets approximately every six weeks to review the economy. FOMC is made up of the following voting members: Chairman Board of Governors The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The presidents of the other regional Federal Reserve banks (four vote on a yearly rotating basis).

9. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Monetary Policy Monetary policy is conducted by the Federal Open Market Committee. Monetary policy is the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank The money supply refers to the quantity of money available in the economy. Federal monetary policy goal is to have stable prices—little or no inflation Money supply control = inflation control

10. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Tools of Monetary Control The Fed’s FOMC has three tools in its monetary toolbox: Open-market operations Changing the reserve requirement Changing the discount rate

11. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Tools of Monetary Control 1)Open-Market Operations Buying or Selling of gov’t bonds to public When the Fed buys government bonds, the money supply increases. Think: Fed B uys-- $ Supply gets B igger When the Fed sells government bonds, the money supply decreases. Think: Fed S ells-- $ Supply S hrinks ****The New York Fed implements Open-Market Ops****

12. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Tools of Monetary Control 2)Changing the Reserve Requirement The reserve requirement is the amount (%) of a bank’s total reserves that may not be loaned out. ↑ Reserve Req = ↓ $ Supply ↓ Reserve Req = ↑ $ Supply

13. Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Fed’s Tools of Monetary Control 3)Changing the Discount Rate or the Fed Funds Rate The discount rate is the interest rate the Fed charges banks for loans. Increasing the discount rate decreases the money supply. Decreasing the discount rate increases the money supply. The Federal Funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other for short-term loans Increasing the federal funds rate decreases the money supply. Decreasing the federal funds rate increases the money supply

14. Copyright © 2004 South-Western Problems in Controlling the Money Supply The Fed’s control of the money supply is not precise. The Fed must wrestle with two problems that arise due to fractional-reserve banking. The Fed does not control the amount of money that households or businesses choose to hold as deposits in banks. The Fed does not control the amount of money that bankers choose to lend.