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Chapter 7 Transmission Media
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Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer
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Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media
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7.1 Guided Media Twisted-Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable
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Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable
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Figure 7.4 UTP and STP
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Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables CategoryBandwidthData RateDigital/AnalogUse 1very low< 100 kbpsAnalogTelephone 2 < 2 MHz2 MbpsAnalog/digitalT-1 lines 3 16 MHz 10 MbpsDigitalLANs 4 20 MHz 20 MbpsDigitalLANs 5 100 MHz 100 MbpsDigitalLANs 6 (draft) 200 MHz 200 MbpsDigitalLANs 7 (draft) 600 MHz 600 MbpsDigitalLANs
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Figure 7.5 UTP connector
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Figure 7.6 UTP performance
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Figure 7.7 Coaxial cable
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Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables CategoryImpedanceUse RG-59 75 Cable TV RG-58 50 Thin Ethernet RG-11 50 Thick Ethernet
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Figure 7.8 BNC connectors
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Figure 7.9 Coaxial cable performance
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Figure 7.10 Bending of light ray
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Figure 7.11 Optical fiber
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Figure 7.12 Propagation modes
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Figure 7.13 Modes
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Table 7.3 Fiber types TypeCoreCladdingMode 50/125 50125Multimode, graded-index 62.5/125 62.5125Multimode, graded-index 100/125100125Multimode, graded-index 7/125 7125Single-mode
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Figure 7.14 Fiber construction
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Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors
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Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance
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7.2 Unguided Media: Wireless Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared
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Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication
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Figure 7.18 Propagation methods
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Table 7.4 Bands BandRangePropagationApplication VLF3–30 KHzGroundLong-range radio navigation LF30–300 KHzGround Radio beacons and navigational locators MF300 KHz–3 MHzSkyAM radio HF3–30 MHzSky Citizens band (CB), ship/aircraft communication VHF30–300 MHz Sky and line-of-sight VHF TV, FM radio UHF300 MHz–3 GHzLine-of-sight UHF TV, cellular phones, paging, satellite SHF3–30 GHzLine-of-sightSatellite communication EHF30–300 GHzLine-of-sightLong-range radio navigation
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Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves
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Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional antennas
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Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems. Note:
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Figure 7.21 Unidirectional antennas
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Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs. Note:
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Infrared signals can be used for short- range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation. Note:
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