1. Garden Variety Sundials

2. - Garden - Sculpture - History - Location A More Interesting Dial?

4. Zarbula’s Sundials Roger Bailey & Alain Ferreira NASS 2005 Chicago

5. Sundials in France Distribution by Département Hautes-Alpes 772 Highest sundial density in the world! Ref: http://www.saf-lastronomie.com/cadrans/carte_2002.gif

6. Why Hautes-Alpes? Alpine folk art traditions Insolation: 330 days of sunshine Isolation from politics and progress –Travel over the passes not down the valleys –Transhumance- summer alps, winter Piedmont Independent Republics –Five “Escartons de Briançonnais” –from 1343 until 1713 and 1789 Itinerants: shepherds and tradesmen

7. ZARBULA ZONE Austria Bavaria France Italy Alpine Sundials Engadine Tyrol

8. Sundials of Giovanni Francesco ZARBULA

9. Who was Giovanni Francesco Zarbula? We only know his name and his works Itinerant Italian painter Piedmont to Hautes Alpes Only tools, materials and techniques that could be carried by a donkey Speciality: bold flamboyant vertical declining sundials Distinctive folk art style Accurate gnomonic method Long lasting fresco paintings

10. Zarbula’s Style Baroque Italian Folk Art Equinoctial Line Birds and Flowers Frame, curtains, tassels Sun and crescent moon Symbols: Masonic and Religious Mottos: Latin, French, Italian, Provencal Signed: GFZ or ZGF Dated: 1830 – 1876 Maljasset, Ubaye, 1860

11. ZARBULA ZONE

12. 95 Zarbula sundials 26 ORIGINALS 11 WITH ZARBULA’s DRAWINGS 36 RESTORED 23 PHOTOS FROM ORIGINALS 33LOST 5 PHOTOS OR DRAWINGS OF THOSE LOST 5DUBIOUS 8DUPLICATES OR COMPLEMENTARY

13. Italy, Piedmont Zone Val Chisone 20 sundials VALLOIRE 2 ZONE BRIANCON 29 VALLOUISE 4 VALLEE DE LA CLAREE 4 NORTH ZARBULA ZONE Latitude 45º

14. ZARBULA’ s Method Discovered by Paul Gagnaire, From the Valloire sundial, at Les Verneys en Savoie. Ref : Cadrans solaires en Savoie, 1999 by P.Gagnaire. Page 130-137: A Valloire, Solved mystery. L’Equere et L’Oiseau ou L’Art et La Maniere de ZARBULA by P.Gagnaire. 2000 Cadran Info SaF http://www.ens-lyon.fr/RELIE/Cadrans/Promenades/Zarbula/Equerre.htm

15. ZARBULA’ s Method Les Verneys en Savoie. Drawing by P.Gagnaire

16. Equatorial 6 o’clock Equatorial Circle Zarbula’s Construction Lines Noon Horizontal

18. Zarbula’s Method : The Sun Rules! Zarbula did not need to know the latitude or wall declination to define the dial. The shadow determined the sub-style line Zarbula used no calculations or tables. Simple geometry determined the hour lines. Zarbula worked at the latitude of 45° None of the sundials are oriented North. The wall is vertical and declining from south. Zarbula already knew the sundial’s size and location on the wall.

19. Principle 1: Horizontal Equivalence Any Vertical Declining sundial has a equivalent horizontal sundial at in the southern hemisphere at a different latitude Determine the sub-style distance and sub-style height for the polar axis Lay out the hourlines for the horizontal equivalent

20. XII He draws the vertical noon line XII and marks the centre C C He drives in a horizontal style at C perpendicular to the wall Zarbula’s Method

21. XII C Zarbula draws point by point a hyperbolic declination line, representing of the path of the tip of the shadow. Principle 2: Indian or Hindu Circle for Sub-style

22. P 1 P 2 Zarbula draws the sub- style, the axis of symmetry of the dial S XII C Zarbula’s Method

23. XII Center of sundial C NOON LINE XII S SUB-STYLE Zarbula’s Method

24. C S M 45° M ’ The perpendicular gnomon gives the shadow path to set the sub-style line. For the actual dial, polar style is from the intersection of the noon meridian and the same sub- style line. Zarbula’s Method

25. Principle 3: Rotation of the Meridian Plane Meridian plane shows the Latitude, Co-Latitude, Polar style and Equatorial true size Rotation of the Meridian plane about the Meridian axis to the Sub-style, perpendicular to the wall, shows the Substyle Height Rotation defines the Equatorial Horizon plane C Noon Lat Co-Lat Polar Style Equatorial

26. M C Noon to equinox 45° Define the Equatorial Horizon by rotating the meridian plane and the latitude angle around the vertical Meridian axis Zarbula’s Method

27. S He draws a horizontal line M C 45° Horizon Zarbula’s Method

28. S He draws an equatorial line perpendicular to the sub-style line M C Horizon 45° Equatorial Zarbula’s Method

29. S He draws the 6 o’clock (18h) line to the equatorial horizon M C Horizon 18h Equatorial Zarbula’s Method

30. S If it’s morning declining, he draws the 6 am line M C Horizon Equatorial 6h Zarbula’s Method

31. S M C Horizontal line 48° 18h Equatorial Generalised method for different latitudes Example Chicago = 42° 42° Zarbula’s Method

32. S Zarbula draws the center W of an auxiliary equatorial M C Horizon Equatorial O 18h 12h W ? ? ? Zarbula’s Method

33. Vertical méridional sundial Villevieille church, Queyras Principle 4: Always 90º between noon and 6 o’clock

34. S Starting from auxiliary equatorial centre W, he draws the 15° angles to the equatorial line M C Horizontal line Equatorial 18h 12h W R Sub-Style Height is RW, radius of the auxiliary equatorial circle Zarbula’s Method

35. S The intersections are numbered in sequence from noon to 18 o clock M C Horizon line Equatorial 18h 12h W 11h 14h 16h 15h 13h 10h 19h 17h 9h Zarbula’s Method

36. S The only thing left is to draw the hours lines from C point... M C Horizon line Equatorial 18h 11h 14h 16h 15h 13h 10h 19h 17h 9h Zarbula’s Method

37. S M C Horizontal Line Equatorial 18h 11h 14h 16h 15h 13h 10h 19h 17h 9h Installation of the Polar Style (Gnomon) above the Sub-Style Line Sub-Style Height is the Radius of the auxillary equatorial circle Zarbula’s Method

38. Principles of Zarbula’s Method Horizontal Equivalence of Vertical Decliner Indian (Hindu) Circle for sub-style line Meridian plane contains Latitude true size Rotate Meridian plane to establish Horizon plane Equatorial line and 6 o’clock line 90º between Noon and 6 o’clock Equatorial Tangent line for hour lines and Sub-style Height The geometry is correct; the method is accurate, within some limitations

39. Test of Zarbula’s Method 1. Sub-style line Latitude: 48.6º N Declination: 58º E Shadow Path for 14 June

40. Test of Zarbula’s Method 2. Equatorial Tangent Line DeltaCAD design drawing using Zarbula’s Method gives identical results to trig calculations

41. Zarbula’s Tools Sticks and String Sticks –ruler, straight edge –set square 45º & 90º –compass, dividers –gnomon String –plumb bob –chalk line –compass

42. Zarbula’s Painting Fresco technique on parged masonry walls Mineral oxide pigments on fresh lime mortar No organic materials Weather and sun resistant Quick bold strokes

43. Ochre de Provence Pigments : Ochre (iron oxides) for yellow orange &, red. black soot, zinc oxide white, cobalt blue, copper greens Sienne earths.

44. ZONE ZARBULA South LES TANCS 1 LES ORRES 1 UBAYE 2 QUEYRAS 38 sundials

45. Château Queyras

46. QUEYRAS EYGLIERS 2 CERVIERES 3 CHÂTEAU QUEYRAS 12 ABRIES 4 MOLINES 2 SAINT VERAN 7 AIGUILLES 1 ARVIEUX 7 LES ESCOYERES

47. First Known Zarbula Dial Queyras, Arvieux, le Coin

49. 1832 QUEYRAS Arvieux, Les Escoyères

50. VI HORIZON EQUATORIAL

51. 1839 Cervières, Customs Office Original Restored by Evelyne and Norbert Peyrot 2000

53. 18?? QUEYRAS Château Villevieille Clot du Riou

54. 1840 - Zarbula’s Miracle Year Twelve Zarbula dials dated 1840 Eight Queyras (6-St. Veran, 2-Chateau) Two Vallouise, Two Briançonnais (Clarée, Salle les Alpes) 1830 to 1839 only six Zarbula dials Apprenticeship done, artistic style set Breakthrough commission? Vallouise, Bardonnèche

55. Vallouise 1840 Zarbula’s breakthrough commission Home of Françoise Ponce,Viscountess de Bardonnèche Zarbula’s techniques and style established Restored in 1991 by Pique & Bachet of Atelier Tournesol, Grenoble

56. St Véran at 2040 m The Highest village in Europe 31 Sundials, 7 by Zarbula

57. 1840 Saint Véran Haut Forannes

59. 1840 Saint Véran Mathieu Romain farm

61. 1840 Saint Véran Le Raux

62. 1840: Saint Véran Forannes

64. Pierre Belle 1840: Saint Véran

65. 1858 St Véran Pierre Belle Restored in 1995 by Rémi Potey Gite Gabelous

66. Queyras, Arvieux Les Escoyères,

67. 1857 Original Les Escoyères chapel dial

68. Restored by Rémi Potey Suzon Con With Susan

69. 1861 Eygliers, Le Cros Guillestre Complementary corner dial lost Rose Marble

70. Briançon Hautes Alpes The highest city in Europe Crossroads for Alpine pass Vauban fortress near Italian border 1719 dial on Collégiale Notre-Dame

71. 1876: Briançon Place d’Armes Most Zarbula sundials are in the surrounding alpine villages 1876: Briançon, Place d’Armes Zarbula?

72. 1842: Briancon, Puy St Pierre, Le Pinet Restored by E & N Peyrot

73. 1843: Clarée, Val des Prés

74. 1869 : Vallouise Le Villard St Sébastien 1869 : Vallouise Le Villard St Sébastien

75. 1869 : Vallouise, Le Villard, St Sébastien

76. Zarbula dials and paintings restored in 1997 by Atelier Tournesol, Pique & Bachet

77. 1869: Le Villard Vallouise PM dial is almost south facing “Don’t rely on the first as all depends on the last” 6 o’clock line is off the dial

78. Morning dial is close to east facing. Zarbula’s normal method does not work

79. Black Madonna “I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem” Song of Solomon, 1:5 Zarbula’s Painting of the

80. ZONE ZARBULA EAST Italy, Piedmont Val Chisone USSEAUX 1 PRAGELATO 5 TRAVERSES 2 SESTRIERE 6

81. Turin Olympics 2006 Val Chisone

82. 1870 : Sestriere, Champlas du Col, via Nationale

83. Close the shutter...

84. “I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem”

85. 1872 Sestriere Borgata,

86. 1872 : Sestriere, Borgata,

87. 1872 Sestriere, Borgata 14 via Colle de Sestriere 1872 : Zarbula Original Sestriere, Borgata Restoration?

88. 1872 Sestriere, Borgata 12A via Colle de Sestriere 1872 Sestriere, Borgata 12A

89. Sundial Entropy Lost Zarbula’s Paints wash away Grime obscures Parging spalls Gnomons bend and break Walls crack and fall Renovation and development destroy Fires, floods, avalanches

90. 1853 : Saint Martin de Queyrières, Prelles

91. This sundial disappeared in 2003 TIME IS RUNNING OUT JUST LIKE WATER.

92. Aiguilles 1889 102 Buildings destroyed

93. In Château Queyras : flood level in 1957

94. In Abries, Zarbula’s sundial destroyed in 1944 bombardment

95. Restorations: Club du Vieux Manoir Patrimony: history, cultural, architecture 13 sundials restored in Brianconnais 1984- 2000 1870: St Martin de Queyrières Church

96. Restorations: Solaria s.n.c Lucio Maria Morro & Fabio Garnero FOSSANO (Cuneo) It Sundial creation & restoration Many Italian dials Zarbula Restoration http://www.solariameridiane.com/313/L109.html 1872 Sestriere, Champlas du Col

97. 1843 Château Queyras Villevieille Fresco painter Creative artist Many modern dials Hautes Alpes, Haute Provence, Buëch Restorations: –St Véran –Château Queyras Restorations: Rémi Potey

98. Jean-François Gavoty Creative artist, painter, cadranier Professor fine arts –Ecole des Beaux Arts, Strasburg, Grenoble, Lyon Haute Provence, Ubaye –Maljasset –Serenne 1860 Serrenes, Ubaye, Alpes de Haute Provence

99. Restorations Atelier Tournesol Pique & Bachet Inventories, protection Grenoble, Savoie, Hautes Alpes Vallouise: –Bardoneche –Le Villard, St Sebastien

100. Evelyne & Norbert Peyrot 1847 : SAINT-CHAFFREY, Villard-Late, Restoration of sundials and fresco paintings in Briançonnais, Val de Clarée, Val des Prés

101. 18?? : Savoie, Valloire, Les Verneys

102. 1998 : Renovated by Peyrot THE END Alain Ferreira & Roger Bailey 2005 : Destroyed -Valloire Town Hall

103. Acknowledgements & References Alain Ferreira: co-author ideas, slides, pictures, files Internet: Google, SML A. Gunella: L’ Orologio Francese e il detto DI ZARBULA per trovare la declinazione del muro A. Bouchard: Zarbula Dossier, Le Gnomoniste, mars 2005 P. Gagnaire: L’ Equerre et le Oiseau P.Putelat & G. Ducrot: Cadrans Solaires Traditionnels en Queyras – Briançonnais Cadrans Solaires Français Catalogués; SAF CCS Emmanuel Defever *** Sommelier