2. What is reading literacy?

3. Curriculum in mother tongue Core skills at the initial stage Cultural identity Strongly integrated Active learner Pragmatic approach ICT and mother tongue closely related ”Every teacher is also a mother tongue teacher”

7. The risk to be a low-achiever increases if... Student is a boy. Parents are born outside of the country. Home language is other than the test language Student comes from the single parent family. Parents’ socio-economic status is low. Student has many siblings. Student is a frequent computer user. Student experiences strong achievement press. Student’s effort to achieve is strong. Student skips classes often. And the risk decreases if… Cultural communication is common. Student is actively engaged in reading. Student’s reading material is diverse. Student uses Internet frequently. Student’s academic self-esteem is strong. Student favours co-operative learning.

8. The possibility to be a top achiever increases if… Student is a girl. Home language is the test language. Parents’ socio-economic status is high. Cultural communication at home is frequent. There are a lot of books at home. Student’s engagement in reading is strong. Student reads fiction frequently. Student’s academic self-esteem is high. There is good disciplinary climate in the classroom. Student’s effort to achieve is strong. And decreases if… Social communication at home is frequent. Student uses a lot of time for homework. Student favours memorisation strategy in learning from text. Student favours co-operative learning.

15. Factors controlled: Engagement in reading, Reading fiction frequently, Self-concept in reading, and Student’s effort and perseverance

19. gender gap gifted students school climate learning strategies poor readers in modern society immigrant students Challenges