1. Chapter 5

2.  change of seasons (solstices, equinoxes, new year, planting, harvest)  Historical event remembered Life CycleCalendar  birth  puberty  adulthood  marriage  religious initiation  death

3.  Atonement for defilement, transgression, sin  Escaping violence or maintaining peace by transferring aggression outside of the community Scapegoat Syria, Greece, Israel

4.  dromenon (greek): a thing done to achieve a specific end  rite (latin)  Just as a symbol is a meaningful sign, ritual is a meaningful action (movements, sounds) Confucius taught that rituals from the Cho dynasty needed to be revived in order to create virtuous people and rulers. Without ritual he believed one could not have a just, ordered society or raise responsible adults

5.  Arnold van Gennep (anthropologist) wrote The Rites of Passage (1909) {see p. 77, bottom}  3 stages: separation, transition, reincorporation  Victor Turner (anthropologist) called the transitional stage liminal (limes= border, threshold). He called reincorporation into the community communitas. serve both the individual and the community

6.  The pledge of allegiance  Exchange of wedding rings & vows  Graduation ceremonies  Blowing out birthday candles  Fireworks on 4 th of July  Raising of the flag – flying at half-mast  Funerals - Burial